Gender Socialization Essay Example for Free

Gender Socialization EssayEvery child is born to a particular society which has its puzzle of values, norms and belief system. The first stage of socialization of the child is the family to which he/she is born. As the child grows, he/she is introduced to the way life is lived and the role he or she is to land in the family and the society. When a child is born, the first question that anybody asks is is it a boy or a girl? . This is the beginning of gender socialization.From that point, the clothes the child wears, the kind-hearted of treatment that is given to the child and the things that are expected of the child becomes distinguished. UNICEF defined gender socialization as a process of learning cultural roles match to ones sex, and provides examples of ways in which these are incorporated through parental and societal expectations from boys and girls ( VAWnet, 2004). Taking a queue from my life experience and from my knowledge of socialization, I forget say that the tr aits I see myself exhibiting are rubbed off on me as a result of my family socialization.At a very tender age, I grew to discern my role in the family and how to relate with the elderly. My father taught me how to be a man and how to live the life of integrity and boldness, which he considered a necessity of any man. Furthermore, I grew up with an idea that some jobs were for ladies while some were for men. I was taught that men are strong and do not cave in to their emotions. I was taught how to be a fearless, courageous and decent young man and how it is my responsibility to look out for my family.Although I do not stay with my father and mother again, I still see some attributes of my father in me and sometimes when I do something, I smile and attribute that thing to what I learnt when I was outgrowth up. Summarily, I believe no matter how hard we try not to draw a line between both sexes, the fact is we all begin our roles in the society. Reference http//new. vawnet. org/cate gory/index_pages. php? category_id=813 Gender Socialization (2004). Retrieved on November 21, 2008.

Analysis of Major Characters in Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Major Characters in Great Expectations EssayPip is the main character of this story. The whole plot of the novel revolves slightly him and his metamorphosis into an adult from an immature adolescent.1. Immature pip was highly immature. This characteristic in him stop be clearly seen in pg 59 where he says exactly when she was gone, I looked about me for a place to hide my face in and got behind one of the gates in the brewery lane and leaned my sleeve angst the jetty there, and leaned my brow on it and cried. As I cried, I kicked the wall and took a hard twist at my hair so bitter were my feelings so sharp were the offend without a name that needed counteraction.Pip cries so much, suddenly begins to have such a low self esteem, why? Just because a female child came and commented that he had coarse hands, wore thick boots and called the knaves Jack. Instead of standing up for himself, pip simply cries. This goes to show how immature pip was.Pips immaturity is also seen in his sentimentalist idealism. Ever since his first meeting with bonnie Estella, he always thought of her in scalawag 101 he says, often after dark, when I was twist the bellows for Joe, and we were singing Old Clem, and the thought how we used to sing at Miss Haveshams would seem to show me Estellas face in the fire, with her pretty hair hoo-ha in the wind and her face scorning at me. Often at such a time I would look towards those panels of black night in the wall which the wooden windows then were, and would fancy that I precept her drawing her face away and would believe that she had come at become. In spite of Estella being so insulting he instantly falls for her, rather for her looks. This again shows the immaturity in pip.2. Generous and sympathetic pip was generous and sympathetic, a fact that can be seen in his numerous acts of kindness throughout the novel. In page ___ he sympathizes with Magwitch and attentions him escape. A small boy going out of his w ay to help a wretched convict This goes to show how sympathetic pip was.Not just sympathetic, pip was large at heart. He was generous. This can be witnessed in page _____ where he secretly buys Herberts way into business. The third example to show that pip was generous is in page 137where he says, as I passed the church service I felt a sublime compassion for the poor creatures who were destined to go there, Sunday after Sunday, all their lives thru and to lie obscurely at last among the low green mounds. I promised myself that I would do something for them one of these days and formed a plan in outline for bestowing a dinner of whack beef and plum pudding, a pint of ale and a gallon of condescension upon ein truthbody in the village.3. Had a great desire for self-improvement pip always valued to better himself, better his condition and better his status. This trait in him can be witnessed in page 66 where he tells Joe, and that there had been a beautiful young lady at miss Haves hams who was dreadfully proud and that she had said I was common, and that I wished I was not common, and that the lies had come of it somehow, though I didnt hold up how.Moreover his deep desire to improve in life, to be Uncommon is also seen in page 68 where he goes to one of his relatives, Biddy to corroborate educated from her. He says, when I woke up the best step I could take towards making myself uncommon was to get out of Biddy everything she knew.In page 164 he asks Herbert to correct his mannerisms if he found them un-gentlemanly. He says, I further mentioned that as I had been brought up a blacksmith in a country place, and knew very little of the ways of politeness, I would take it is a great kindness in him i.e. Herbert if he would give me a hint when ever he saw me going at a loss or going wrong.

The God Of Small Things

The God Of Small ThingsIntertextuality signifies the inter connectedness of one text with new(prenominal) texts and it reveals the presence of one text indoors the other and highlights the fact that no text can make an independent meaning. Every text takes roundthing from the previous texts, and lends something to the prospective texts. Every text takes something from the previous texts, and lends something to the future texts.Intertextuality is the shaping of texts meanings by other texts. It can refer to an authors borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a readers referencing of one text in reading a nonher. (Wikipedia).The term intertextuality was coined by the poststructuralist theorist Julia Kristeva in her article Word Dialogue which was published in 1966. Intertextuality in general signifies that the literary works be not a closed network and ar not autonomous in nature. Today, intertextuality is used frequently and it has become a part of our notion as o ne watching bring or TV, reading novel , or experiencing art. Graham Allen describes the concept of intertextuality as one of the key ideas as he argues Texts, whether they argon literary or non-literary, as viewed by modern theorists, as lacking in any kind of independent meaning. They are what theorists now call intertextual. The act of reading plunges us into a network of textual relations. To interpret a text, to discover its meaning, or meanings, is to trace those relation . . . means becomes something which exists between a text and all other texts to which it refers and relates (Allen, Graham., Intertextuality New Critical Idiom Series. Rut leadge Publications, London, 2000, p.1)The theory of intertextuality is developed by poststructuralist and postmodern theorists, has become an effective appropriation strategy for postcolonial writers. Postcolonialism is chiefly characterized by questioning and subverting the authority. Pramod K. Nayyar defines postcolonial literatur e as Postcolonial literatures seek to address the substances in which non-European (Asian, African, South American, but also settler colony) literatures and cultures have been marginalized as an effect of colonial rule, and to find, if possible, modes of resistance, retrieval and reversal of their own pre- colonial pasts. (Nayyar K, Pramod., Postcolonial Literature An Introduction., 2008, Dorling Kindersley publications, Delhi).The sense of interconnectedness between different cultures is particularly significant in the postcolonial context, a context which arises due to the meeting of cultures. Arundhati Roy uses global referenced intertextuality to such a neat extent in her novel. Intertextuality as a device in literary texts can be deployed at different levels.Roy makes intertextuality a conscious motif and device. The remark made on the twins in the context of the Kathakali mathematical process Trapped in the bog of a story that was and wasnt theirs. That had set out with th e semblance of structure and social club, then bolted like a frightened horse into insurrection (Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things. New Delhi India Ink, 1997, p.236). Similarly, a rewriting of texts is suggested in the description of the twins as Hansel and Gretel in a ghastly fairy tale in which their dreams would be captured and re-dreamed (Roy, p.293). Roy makes extended references to texts as different as the popular film The audio of medicine (Roy, p.105-11), Heart of Darkness (Roy, p.125-26,199-200,305-06), Chemmeen (Roy, p.218-20), the Kathakali man and his Great texts like Kama Shabadam (Roy, p.218-20) and Duryodhana Vadham (Roy, p.229, 234). some passing allusions are made to texts as disparate as popular soap operas like WWFs Hulk Hogan and Mr.Perfect (Roy, p.28), Shakespeares The Tempest, The Jungle Book, The Adventures of Susie Squirrel (Roy, p.58-59), Sinbad the Sailor (Roy, p.80), Julius Caesar (Roy, p.82-83), Ulysses and Penelope (Roy, p.157), the fairy tale s roughly the Three Bears (180) or the Ugly Toad who turns into a handsome prince, Rumplestiltskin (Roy, p.182), Hansel and Gretel, and withal literary texts like The Tale of Two Cities (Roy, p.61), The Scarlet Pimpernel (Roy, p.182) and so on (Roy, p.187), a recipe for making jam (Roy, p.195), and the boatsongs of Kerala (Roy, p.196-97). The contexts in which these texts are used are, in general, negative or pessimistic.Roy in her novel especially in the world-class few chapters used intertext to create an atmosphere of 1960s. She concentrated on fashion and culture to create that atmosphere. But the skyblue Plymouth with chrome tailfins was facilitate parked outside.. (Roy, p.2). The reader exit eventually realizes that the attributes from the 1950s belong to Kerala and its inhabitants and that many of the attributes from the 1960s the arrival of Sophie Mol with her mother Margaret. And then they were thither, the Foreign Returnees, in washnwear suits and rainbow sunglasses.M axis and high heels. Puff sleeves and lipstick. Mixy grinders and machinelike flashes for their cameras(Roy,140).Chackos exwife Margaret and daughter Sophie Mol arrival to Kerala is a turning point to the novel. Ammu, Chacko, Estha, Rahel and bungle Kochamma get into the skyblue Plymouth with chrome tailfins (Roy, p.2) to pick them up at the airdrome. The Plymouth car has many symbolic values. The Plymouth used to belong to Pappachi, Rahel and Esthas grand contract. Now that he was dead, it belonged to Mammachi, their grandmother (Roy,35). The grandfather was a man who lived agree to the British colonisers rules. He was also a patriarch and vexed his family. However, Chacko has taken Pappachis role of being the man in the house. The fact that the car is now driven by Chacko, who is a self proclaimed redness, which symbolises the new Marxist rulers of Kerala. The car is thus a symbol of entrapment and also it symbolises the delay in modernity in Kerala. This delay in moder nity is emphasised at the airport when the family waits for their guests from London.Estha, Rahel and Ammu are being resistant and suspicious of their guests. This is emphasised by the smell of London and the prosperity brought with the newcomers Then, there, among the washnwear suits and shiny suitcases, Sophie MolShe walked down the runway, the smell of London in her blur. Yellow bottoms of bells flapped backwards around her ankles. Long hair floated out from under her straw hat.(Roy, p.141). Sophie is a symbol of freedom and therefore a affright to old Keralan values. She represents a breath of fresh air with flapping trouser legs and floating hair. Uncle Chackos daughter is only a young girl and still a threat to Esthas and Rahels world. Estha was wearing his beige and pointy shoes and his battery-acid puff. His Special Outing Puff. His favourite Elvis song was Party. Some people like to rock, some people like to roll, he would croon, when nobody was watching, strumming a ba dminton racquet, curling his lip like Elvis. But mooninana- grooningonna satisfy mah soul, less have a pardy (Roy, p.37).In order to make a better impression on Margaret and Sophie, Baby Kochamma is showing off, pret expiration she is not as behind the time as the rest of the family Elvis Presley, Baby Kochamma said for revenge. Im afraid were a little behind the times here. Every one looked at Estha and laughed (Roy, p.145). However, the childrens attraction to Sophie Mol and the modern world is there And the three of them, led by Sophie Mol, sashayed across the airport car park, swaying like fashion models, Eagle flasks and Made-in-England go-go bags bumping around their hips (Roy, p.152).Further on, in the tragic story, Sophie Mol drowns and at her funeral she is still surrounded by her London-ness She lay in it (the coffin) in her yellow Crimplene bellbottoms with her hair in a ribbon and her Made-in-England go-go bag that she loved (Roy, p.4). Now her hair is in a ribbon. Mod ernity and change will perhaps never survive in Kerala. Estha and Rahels fear of losing their place in the family is partly explained by the The break of Music intertext. Before picking up Margaret and Sophie at the airport in Cochin, the Ayemenem family went to see The Sound of Music. However Chacko and Ammu had different views on the film Chacko said that passing to see The Sound of Music was an extended exercise in Anglophilia, while, Ammu said, Oh come on, the whole world goes to see The Sound of Music. Its a World Hit( Roy, p.55). Rahel and Estha were on their way to Cochin to see The Sound of Music for the third time. They knew all the songs and to know all the songs is also important to the reader. this time the film would mean something special to the children. Estha and Rahel are scared of loosing their uncle to Sophie Mol and Margaret. They feel as if they are not good enough. In comparison with the children in The Sound of Music, no child would be good enough Captain vo n Trapps seven peppermint children had had their peppermint baths, and were standing in a peppermint line with their hair slicked down, singing in pliable peppermint voices (Roy, p.110).Estha is definitely not peppermint clean and he has been molested by the Orangedrink Lemondrink man. Shocked by this experience, Estha wonders if ever a Captain von Trapp, an uncle Chacko or a father could love him and Rahel. Estha imagined that Captain von Trapp had some questions of his own. (a) Are they clean white children? No. (But Sophie Mol i s.) (b) Do they blow spit bubbles? Yes (But Sophie Mol doesnt.) (c) Do they rive their legs? Like clerks? Yes (But Sophie Mol doesnt) (d) Have they, either or both, ever held strangers soo-soos? NNyes (But Sophie Mol hasnt.) (Roy, p.106).Apart from Esthas comparison between him and the peppermint children in the film, there are also several images connected to Baby Kochamma. Baby Kochamma was in her youth very much in love with a Father Mulligan, workin g in Ayemenem. She decided, at a young age, to become a nun, while waiting for her love for him to be returned. However, the love was never returned and Baby became disillusioned. In The Sound of Music Julie Andrews or Maria is also a nun. The life in the convent does, however, not fit Marias personality and neither did it fit Baby Kochammas. They both escaped the convent life. Still, Baby Kochamma liked the early nun bits best in the film. Ammu explained to Estha and Rahel that people always loved best what they identified most with (Roy, p.98).Although Baby Kochamma escaped the convent life, she somehow still identified with the nuns. She is jealous of other peoples love and happiness, and especially Ammus They the nuns had complaints to make to their Reverend Mother. Sweetsinging complaints. About Julie Andrews, who was still up in the hills, singing The Hills Are Alive with the Sound of Music and was, once again, late for massShe climbs a tree and scrapes her knee,Her dress has got a tear.She waltzes on her way to Mass And whistles on the stairAnd underneath her wimpleShe has curlers in her hair (Roy, p.99-100)These lyrics will lead the reader back to Baby Kochammas feelings about Ammu and Ammu, a divorced woman, who should feel shame and guilt over her failures, does the contrary and is in love. She subscribed wholeheartedly to the commonly held view that a married daughter had no position in her parents home. As for a divorced daughter according to Baby Kochamma, she had no position anywhere at all. And for a divorced daughter from a love marriage, well, words could not describe Baby Kochammas outrage. (Roy, p.45). Thus, within the interpretation of The Sound of Music the reader also has to know the intertext Let it Be by The Beatles in order to link Baby Kochamma to the nuns, Julie Andrews to Ammu and jealousy to love.Ammu is in love with the untouchable man Velutha. She has know him all her life and although he is untouchable, Ammus family has treat ed him with a certain amount of respect. However, this does not mean that they would accept a relationship between her and Velutha. Therefore, on some days , Ammu cannot help feeling happy, although sad about the fact that he is untouchable for her. She sometimes wakes up to the break of music, just as anyone being in love does. Still, Ammu knows that the laws say Let it Be. However, as the reader delves further into the plot, Ammu is touched by the untouchable Velutha. Thus, the line I wake up to the sound of music, Mother bloody shame comes to me refers to their nightly meetings. Mother Mary is Baby Kochamma, speaking for the rules given by Christianity and Caste systems and yet, Mother Mary is also love, in the shape of Velutha. Through this maze of imageries the reader can understand how Baby Kochamma hates Ammu.The novel eventually develops into several tragedies where one of them is the horrifying ending of Ammus and Veluthas relationship and Veluthas death. There are many co inciding circumstances, although it is Baby Kochammas jealousy and personal disappointments that will have the most devastating consequences. In the film, Rolf is the oldest peppermint daughters boyfriend. He is a trustedperson, as if he belonged to the family. He becomes, however, a Nazi and betrays the family von Trapp. Sadly, a parallel between him and Baby Kochamma can be tack. Baby Kochamma also becomes a betrayer, although she is one in the family (Roy, p.313-320). She turns from a nun into a betrayer. This imagery, it is also linking Baby Kochammas betrayal with a negative view on Christianity. There are again a multitude of messages cooperating on different levels in the intertext The Sound of Music.Uncle Chacko, the self proclaimed Marxist, who in a way is a betrayer as well. From being almost as a father to Estha and Rahel, he turns his back on them when Margaret and Sophie arrive. Uncle Chacko is thus a symbol of Marxist ideas and the Marxist government ruling Kerala at that time, a government picking the best apples from the basket of Marxism, just as Chacko does.The Love in Tokyo intertext was a successful Bollywood film released in 1966. The film plot involves forbidden love affairs just as in The God of Small Things. However, the most important symbol from this intertext is the two beads on a rubber band holding Rahels hair together Most of Rahels hair sat on top of her head like a fountain. It was held together by a Love-in-Tokyo two beads on a rubber band, nothing to do with Love or Tokyo. In Kerala Love-in-Tokyos have withstood the test of time, and even today if you were to ask for one at any respectable A-1 ladies store, thats what youd get. (Roy, p.37)Rahel and Estha are twins. I get the impression from Roy that twins form a unit, and that when they are separated, they are just halves. They are Two beads on a rubber band (Roy, p.37). One of the many tragedies in this story involves Estha being sent onward to live with his father, while Rahel stays in Ayemenem. The children do not understand the causes of all the tragedies and as children often do, they blame themselves. When they meet in Ayemenem again, they have not seen each other for twenty years. They have therefore not bean able to deal with their complexes of guilt and separation.As Rahel saw her brother in the bathroom, she approximation of him He was a naked stranger met in a chance encounter. He was the one that she had known before life began. The one who had once led her (swimming) through their lovely mothers cunt (Roy, p.93). Now, imagine the two beads, Rahel and Estha, being pulled apart as much as it is possible. As the rubber band is at its breaking-point and the tugger has to let go, the beads will slip out of hands and by the force of the pulling, crash into each other They were strangers who had met in a chance encounter. They had known each other before Life began. There is very little that anyone could say to clarify what happened next. Noth ing that () would separate Sex from Love. Or Needs from Feelings () but that there were tears. Only that Quietness and Emptiness fitted together like stacked spoons () Only that what they shared that night was not happiness, but hideous grief. (Roy, p.327-328)Roy uses intertextuality to a great extent in order to give the story a deeper meaning than what it encompasses on a surface level. However, since a deeper meaning can be found in most fictional work when analysing images and metaphors.

Relationship between energy consumption and economic development

Relationship between zilch role and scotchal phylogenesisIn the fresh years china has rapidly developed into one of the largest economies in the serviceman. china has shifted from the 108th to the 72nd rank on the World Development Index. The economic egress, industrialization and the urbanization defend resulted to an annual average break real GDP outgrowth rate of 8 to 9 percent. The real income per capita has annexd in this extremity, with the factor 10.This impressive harvest heretofore also implies exalteder(prenominal) environmental pressures despite new technological improvements of resource utilization being applied. The enormous growth of China results in substantially higher expertness consumption. This goes hand in hand with higher carbon dioxide sackings. The primary vigour consumption in China has grown at an annual average rate of 6% between 1965 and 2008, with the first measurement of 183 crude equivalent million tonnes in 1965, and the lates t measurement of 2003 MTN in 2008 (BP Statistical revaluation of World Energy June 2009).The liberation emitted by China in 2007 was 6.466 MTN and 6.897 MTN in 2008, indicating an increase of 6.4%. The global carbonic acid gas emission has increase from 31.007 MTN in 2007, to 31.578 MTN in 2008. This represents an increase of 1.6 %. The theatrical role of China in the global emission in 2008 according to this information is a stunning 21,8% (BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2009). The projection of the IPCC (2007) is that the carbonic acid gas emission from brawniness consumption between 2000 and 2030 are estimated to increase with 40 to even 110%.The CO2 emissions in China has exceeded the maximum amount say in the Kyoto Protocol, which is a protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change focusing on preventing global warming. China has not been equal to(p) to meet 10 of the 13 critical points in the current five-year plan, with targets for air and irrigate pollution control (The World Bank, State Environmental Protection Administration, P.R. China, 2007).The overall environmental pollution costs in China are estimated to be about 5.8% of the GDP in China. For example it is estimated that in 2003 the acid rain which is primarily caused by fossil fuel emissions, has caused over 44 million dollars (30 billion Yuan1) damage to crops, and an estimated 10,3 million dollars (7 billion Yuan) in damage to building materials in China (The World Bank, State Environmental Protection Administration, P. R. China, 2007)It is clear that economic growth contributes to a higher CO2 emission and global warming. Is this economic growth sustain subject in the long term referable to the impacts on air pollution? Is it worth the growth of China given the limited amount of resources acquirable and the need for environmental preservation? Countries go away have to witness a balance between their consumption and economic growth.Various stud ies have canvass the consanguinity between economic growth and the emission of CO2. For instance B. Friedl and M. Getzner (2003) imbed a significant similitudeship during the period of 1960 and 1999, with a structural break in the seventies due to the oil price shock. J. B. Ang (2007) found a dynamic sexual intercourseship between pollutant emissions, aptitude consumption and economic development. They point out that the more vigour is used in the economy, the more CO2 emissions are released, which in its turn has a quadratic kindred with the return in the long exploit. This hints that output growth is a defendor for CO2 emissions and capacity consumption.This relationship between output and the pollution take has been widely documented as the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The EKC hypothesis indicates that the relationship between economic development and the environment is shown as an inverted U-curve, whereas environmental damage first increases with income and over time leave alone stabilize, and eventually declines.China is one of the main driving forces of global warming, with the highest emission value and the highest economic growth rate. Since postcode consumption has a direct impact on the level of environmental pollution, China is an interesting country to examine. Amidst the animated tump over of global warming and sustainability, the energy consumption go away be related as an stimulant drug factor for economic action mechanism along with the emission of CO2 in China. Other influences which are included are price indices, check gross frosty metropolis, population and the technological developments.I will make use of the measurements published by the following infobases excluding the Chinese Statistical Yearbooks due to incoherent results with these databases the BP Statistical Review of World Energy, the World Development Indicators database, The Conference Board Total Economy database and the World Intellectual Proper ty Organization database.The outcome of the look into could contribute to the debate of the mitigation of global warming and should imply that China has to speed up the technological developments to create or implement energy efficient technologies to reduce the CO2 emissions in line with the targets of the Kyoto Protocol. This implies that policies should be reformulated to stimulate the use of alternative resources and technological developments.The nexus of energy consumption economic development CO2 emission, with price indices, constitutional gross fixed capital, technological development and population.Price indices and fluctuationsInvestment in Pollution Treatment and RDTechnological developmentAir pollutionCO2 firingEconomic DevelopmentGDPTGFCConsumptionTotal Energy ConsumptionOil / Gas Coal / Nuclear / Hydro-electricityHouseholdsPopulationLiterature review/ sceneThere are two filaments of literature relevant in the nexus of energy consumption economic development CO 2 emission. The first strand focuses upon the relation between energy consumption and economic development. More energy consumption give-up the ghosts to higher economic development through the enhancement of productivity.The second strand focuses upon the relation between economic growth and CO2 emission.The latter strand represents the interrelation between energy consumption and the increase of CO2, which is well known and obvious. Various studies indicate that more energy use results in more CO2 emission (J.Ang, 2007). Thus any movement of energy use will positively react to the emission level.2.1 Strand 1 Energy consumption and economic development2This first strand divides the actor between energy consumption and economic growth in three possibilities. Firstly the causality that runs from energy consumption to economic growth. Secondly the causality that runs from economic growth to energy consumption. Thirdly bidirectional causality which implies there is an effect, or no effect in either direction between energy consumption and economic growth.2.1.1 Unidirectional from energy consumption to economic growthThe traditional neo-classical model based upon economic growth uses the energy inputs as an intermediate. The factor inputs land, labor and capital are used as staple fiber factors, in order to neutralize the function of energy in production. Energy is an intermediate function however it is the consumption of energy that causes economic growth. Energy remain an merchandiseant aspect in the determination of income. National economies therefore depend upon the use of energy and will be acted by changes in energy consumption. Therefore the elasticity is expected to be high between energy consumption and economic growth, since it is an important aspect.Jia-Hai Yuan et al (2008) tests the causality between output growth and energy use in China at both aggregated check energy and disaggregated levels as coal, oil and electricity consumption and find that there exists Granger causality between the electricity and oil consumption to GDP. However they do not find Granger causality from coal and the total energy consumption of these three energy inputs to GDP. Soytas and Sari (2007) found the same Granger causality from electricity consumption to GDP in Turkey.Previous question by Soytas and Sari (2003) examining the G-7 countries, indicated an simplex relationship running from energy consumption to GDP in Turkey, France, Germany and Japan covering the period 1950-1992.Stern (1993) also found a Granger causality from total energy to GDP, employing a four-variable model with capital, labor, energy consumption and GDP.A.E. Akinlo (2006) results indicate that energy consumption is co-integrated with economic growth indoors seven out of eleven African countries, using an autoregressive distributed lag bound test (ARDL). The study also implies that there exists a significant long run effect on economic growth in four African countri es. Fatai et al. (2004) showed that energy consumption has a significant positive effect on economic growth in Indonesia and India.C. lee side and C. Chang (2007) report a nonlinear relationship between energy consumption and an economic growth in Taiwan for the period 1955-2003, as inverse U-shape. They state from their previous research that in the long run energy unanimously acts as an engine of economic growth, and that energy conservation may harm economic growth. J. Ang (2007) found a unidirectional causality from the increase of energy and the output growth in the short run.The existence of unidirectional causality has some policy implications it could suggest that a country is dependent upon the inputs of energy to establish economic growth. The restriction of energy may presently acquit to lower economic growth or even a restrain and could result in a fall in employment or equivalently an increase in unemployment rate (N. M. Odhiambo 2009, A.E. Akinlo, 2008).It is diffic ult for governments to implement energy conservation policies as a part of a green future, and face the trade-off between energy consumption and growth. Environmental conservation will constantly be a part of every economic development process. Policies to conserve energy could be quotas, taxes, subsidies or the promotion of efficient use of technology (C. Lee, C. Chang, 2007)2.1.2 Unidirectional from economic growth to energy consumptionOn the other hand I expect the increase in GDP will influence the energy consumption in various ways, firstly through an increased energy-intensity (energy consumption per unit of GDP) in households due to more spendable income. Also the secret consumption of fuels in households and private car use seem to have a significant effect on the emission level (C.Lee and C. Chang, 2007). Population can thus be an indicator for the amount of energy consumption, whereas air pollution levels could be directly associated with population. The article of Lee an d Chang (2007) discusses that the energy consumption in Taiwan has risen sharply due to rapid economic growth and higher living standards.Secondly increases in income will increase activities as investment, which is an important input factor for production processes. If the economy grows, this will result to an increased engage for energy will increase. Pioneering in this strand is the article of Kraft and Kraft dated in 1978. It is one of the first articles to examine the phenomenon. They found a unidirectional causality running from output to energy consumption for the United States during the period 19471974. Jia-Hai Yuan et al (2008) is consistent with this result and found Granger causality in the short run from GDP to total energy consumption, coal and oil consumption. However there does exist causality from GDP to electricity consumption. Soytas and Sari (2003) found in their panel research a unidirectional relationship from economic growth to energy consumption for Italy (1 950-1992) and Korea (1953-1991). Total gross fixed capital can be an indicator for the amount of energy consumption.This form of unidirectional causality from GDP to energy consumption can imply that a country is not solely dependent upon the energy consumption or energy input, leading to economic growth. Therefore policies can be implemented to conserve energy sources with no adverse or small personal effects on the economic growth (N. M., Odhiambo, 2009, A.E., Akinlo, 2008)2.1.3 Bidirectional between energy consumption and economic growthThe third view implies that there exists a bidirectional relationship within the nexus of energy consumption and economic growth. N. M. Odhiambo (2009) and A.E. Akinlo (2008) found this bidirectional causality. Soytas and Sari (2003) found this relationship for Argentina (1950-1990) within the G-7 countries. A.E. Akinlo (2008) analyzed three African countries in the short and long run show that this relationship holds for developed countries, whil e growth countries endure economic growth through more energy consumption only in the short run.C. Lee and C. Chang (2007) empirical findings suggest that energy consumption and economic growth are positively interrelated to a lower place a certain threshold. They stress the implications for future economic growth to the extent of resource scarcity.The finding of causality in both directions implies that energy conservation policies will have an impact on economic growth. The other bidirectional causality is known as the neutrality hypothesis, which implies that energy conservation policies do not affect economic growth. The insignificant impact in Taiwan beyond the mentioned threshold indicates that conservation policy is effective.The conservation policy could be implemented through energy taxes, new subsidies, quantity restriction and promoting efficient usage of energy such as innovation. However such environmental protection policies will lead to high costs and avoidance of r ules. Eventually this will results in control expenditures.2.2 Economic growth and CO2 emissionThe more energy consumed the more CO2 emission will follow up to a level of total clean technology. The direct relationship between energy consumption and the amount of CO2 emission is logical and empirically proven in several articles.The relationship between economic growth and CO2 emission is a more interesting one. puff up known in the literature is the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Studies show that the EKC describes the relation between income and several local pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and water pollutants. This relationship is an inverted U-curve, whereas environmental damage will first increases with income and over time will stabilize to its maximum. The curve will eventually decline, creating the inverted U-shape. It appears that economic growth can solely lead to environmental degradation (Soytasa Saria 2007).This implies that at low-in come levels we might see a positive relation between national income and pollution, and at high levels of income we can trace a negative relation between the two variables (Liu, X. 2005). This non-linear relationship between environmental pollution and income levels can be explained by three factors scale, composition, and technique effects.The scale effect refers to the increase in pollution along with the size of the economy. The composition effect refers to the change in the production grammatical construction and reallocation of resources, from an agriculture based economy to an industry and service based economy. The technique effect refers to the used techniques of production which may reduce the amount of pollutant emissions.(J. Ang, 2007)B. Friedl and M. Getzner (2003) analyzed the CO2 emissions in a small open economy (Austria) and found a cubic relationship between GDP and CO2 emissions in their research for the period of 1960 and 1999, meaning that the relationship has t wo inflection points, and change direction twice. They concluded that the Austrian emission and GDP are cointegrated and run parallel.J. Ang 2007 shows that there is a quadratic relation between CO2 emissions and output in the long run (parabola), in France for the period of 1960 to 2000. The results suggest that output growth causes CO2 emissions and energy consumption in the long run.A. Jalil, S.F. Mahmud 2009 analyzed the EKC hypothesis for China in the period 19712005 with an ADRL framework. From their analysis there appears to be causality from economic growth to CO2 emissions, and a significant effect of energy consumption on the CO2 level.2.3 Other factors affecting energy consumption and economic growthAnother import factor is the research activity or investments in RD to reduce the amount of emissions. The common believe is that improvement in productivity and research activity will lead to a reduced amount of emission. An example is the Investment in technical upgrades and transformation in China in the electricity sector which increased sufficiently in 1990 and accelerated further since 1996. This should be one of the most important economic impulses driving energy efficiency improvements (L. Wu et al.2006).They also point out that the rising prices of energy since 1993 have provided strong economic incentives for the industry to decouple energy use from economic growth. This has driven the incentive to technically innovate. This refers to an economy that is able to sustain economic growth, without also experiencing a worsening of environmental conditions.However contra dictionary is the case of Taiwan, which has substantial changes in the structure of production in the economic sectors and enormous increases in development. This has led to a rapid increase in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions.Cole et al. (2008) show that productivity improvements and research activity will reduce the amount of emission. The article of J.Ang 2009 indic ates that there exists a declining trend in CO2 emissions with the increase in research activity in China. From the data covering 1953 to 1999, it becomes clear that more innovation and RD activity will lead to beneficial influences in decreasing CO2 emissions.Policies created to decrease emission levels will lead to more research activity which will contribute directly through improved production techniques. This will decrease emissions and it will indirectly enable China to absorb green technology more efficiently from other countries. It is also likely that more efficient use of energy may require a higher level of economic development. That is, better economic performance may be a catalyst for energy efficiency, which makes energy consumption and economic development jointly determined (J. Ang 2007)This is based on the premises that different countries are in different stages of development. There are different effects on the developing process and impacts on the energy and grow th relation. Two countries with similar levels of technology and factor endowments may have significantly different industrial structures as a result of past investment decisions. Their aggregate capital levels may be similar, but differences in the composition of capital may lead to differences in the hazard cost of reducing emissions. A regression of only emissions on income may lead to a misspecification and bias, without controlling for the industrial structure. Therefore the total gross capital formation is important to include (Liu, X. 2005)Besides innovation and total gross capital formation, reforms of energy pricing systems in China since 1993 led to a striking rise in fuel prices and consequently to an economic decreased condition in the electricity generation sector, petroleum refinery sector and coal mining sector. B. Friedl and M. Getzner (2003) directly relate this structural break in energy consumption as a result, to a lower CO2 emission in Austria after the oil pr ice shock.The recent price hikes stresses the importance of energy policies for conservation (R. Mahadeva, 2006). Theoretically if the fuel price increases, it will stimulate energy conservation behavior if the demand is relatively elastic.Practically the effect of rising prices can be seen by the oil price shock from 1973, which did not fail to leave its mark on CO2 emissions. Economic growth in this period slowed down, and due to changes in energy policies, such as rationalizing private consumption of fuels by restricting private car use, CO2 emissions dropped to about 57 million MTNE in 1975.

Scientific Advancements in Medical Technology

Scientific Advancements in Medical TechnologyAlice WyattScientific advancements3D printers be use for many things including medicine to guns and other illegal items. Scientists pull in created a new 3D printer inspired by terminator 2. This means that it will work 100 times faster than the normal 3D printer and can muddle items in minutes rather than hours. Many people are happy because engineering is existence advanced. Freaking awesome tech. This will withal allow shapes to be designed and built that are impossible with current methods. Said by Funcrew on the guardian website. This shows that many of the public are having verificatory thoughts slightly the new technology that is being produce and how it is shaping the world and how we are using the technology in everyday life, it also shows how this new technology will allow us to do things we couldnt before. 3D printing is used in many different ways and one is being a part of the dental industry and being used by dentists so that they can poke and prod and them and to show the patients what is going on in their cause mouth and explain procedures that they may go through. Many people are not understanding why we need a more expensive models still to show patients procedures. Do they need a new, presumably more expensive, model just for the purpose of explaining procedures to patients? said by Pollik. This shows that although many people get under ones skin commanding thoughts the other half of the public have negative thoughts and dont understand why the technology is being used and the technology we use immediately is just as good and is not as expensive as the new technology coming onto the market. These negative attitudes make people jump onto these attitudes and hook on to criticise the technology and result in the technology not getting brought, however the positive attitudes may make celebrities and other famous people to tackle these technologies resulting in a lot of people wanting this new technology and making the sales go very high up. The debate well-nigh 3D printers at the moment in who actually buys these as if it is criminals who buys these to make guns and other illegal items, this could mean in the criminals running wild and being able to make many, many items in just a week, this could cause a lot of problems throughout the world. Whether as the 3D printers that are used for medical advancements or in certain business industries are useful and therefore there is no debate on using 3D printers in these terms, it is just when the 3D printers are not used for good things, this then results in the society not looking the new technology when it is being used for bad things. These issues that the public has about the 3D printers are not important enough to stop any development of the 3D printers. This is because the 3D printers are more or less being used for the health and wellbeing of the public in the NHS with medical issues and dentistry issues and also in the different industries of business, and are only ever rarely used by criminals for illegal ideas. 3D printers are used a lot to help people and explain to people things that they cant see themselves. great deals perception of 3D printers can be improved by the government and businesses taking the 3D printers of the market to the public and just letting businesses or the NHS being able to buy these this would result in criminals not getting a hold of the 3D printers and the public can stop worrying about what they will do with them. Peoples perception would also change about 3D printers if they cost a bit less to buy as they k now that the NHS and other businesses will be buying these things for experiments and the public know that buying expensive equipment in the NHS means that they wont have money to do other things as they dont have money as it is.BibliographyWhat are the pros and cons of MRI scans?M Billingsley 15th March 2012http//doc2doc.bmj.com/forums/open-clinical_radio logy_pros-cons-of-mri-scansAccessed on 13/03/15What is a Heart MRI?Brain Krans 26th June 2012http//www.healthline.com/health/heart-mriOverview1Accessed on 13/03/15Medical Applications for 3D printing Current and projected uses, C Lee Ventola October 2014http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4189697/Accessed on 18/03/15Gartner says uses of 3D printing will ignite major debate on ethics and regulation, Conn Stamford 29th January 2014http//www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2658315Accessed on 19/03/15What are the ethical issues surrounding gene therapy?March 16th 2015http//ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/therapy/ethicsAccessed on 19/03/15Scientists create Terminator 2-inspired 3D printer, Hannah Devlin Thursday nineteenth March 2015 1845http//www.theguardian.com/science/2015/mar/19/scientists-create-terminator-2-inspired-3d-printerAccessed on 19/03/15Smile Meet the 3D printer churning out teeth, brace and gums for dentists, Stuart Dredge Monday 16th March 2015,http//www.theguardian.com/t echnology/2015/mar/16/3d-printer-teeth-nerves-gums-dentistsAccessed on 19/03/15

Freddie Prinze Jr. :: essays research papers fc

IntroductionFreddie Prinze Jr. was born on March 8, 1976 in Las Angeles, California. He would collapse lived a dream life in Hollywood fame. But when he was only ten months old, his father, Freddie Sr. had his sitcom Chico and the Man canceled and got high on ethical drug drugs and shot himself. Freddie Jr.s mother, Kathy Cochran, moved her family back to Albuquerque, New Mexico, knowing that if they stayed in Hollywood her son would be haunted by his fathers death. In New Mexico he met his best friend Chris Sandoval at Sandia Prep where he went for sixth to eighth grade. At his high-school, La Cueva he constantly caterpillar tread classes and hardly ever studied, however he never got into drugs, for as he said, My dad taught me one of the most valuable lessons in the world through his death, because he accidentally killed himself while using drugs. Thats why I will never use them. After he graduated from high school, he started to stand for just about acting. He started thinki ng about his fathers life and how he would want to live a similar life. His mother would tell him things about his father like this line from Freddie Prinze Jr., She told me about how much he loved me, the way his face light up when he held me, about how he called me Pie, she told me I brought him a lot of joy as a baby. He took an acting class and in 1994 (the year that he graduated) he got his first acting job. playingFreddies first acting job was on the hit sitcom Family Matters where he had a four line part in an episode called The Gun. He knew just what to do, I went to my fathers grave in Forest Lawn, I put my hand on his plaque and I said, Thank you. I hope youre watching now. I hope to make you proud. short he was starring on after school specials like Too Soon For Jeff, Detention Siege At Johnson High, and The Watcher.Freddie got his first big break in To Gillian On Her 37th birthday alongside Claire Danes, Peter Gallagher, and Michelle Pfeiffer. He played Joey Bost, Clair e Danes humbled boy friend. Freddie then played a part in Mar Waters black comedy The House of Yes, about a twisted family preparing for a Thanksgiving Feast, or so we are to believe.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Canterbury Tales Essays

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In the fourteenth century, an unknown spring wrote Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and now this poem is one thought to be of the finest Arthurian romance that belongs to the Alliterative Revival. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a story about legion(predicate) complicated issues, and mainly it concentrates on the character of Gawain who is one of the best knights in Arthurs kingdom. The action takes place when Arthur is still young and enjoys big celebrations in Camelot. The course from lines 60 to 129 describes the New Years celebration in Arthurs court around his famous Round Table. Celebrations at Christmas and the New Years holidays at Arthurs court last for twelve continuous days. Nobility, knights and other guests gather in Camelot to enjoy music, entertainment and double portions of delicious cuisine This graceful folk at feast two-fold was served(line 61). Even though whole plates are full, guests w ait for the royal leader to arrive. Guests welcome Arthur with music, and they all sing Christmas songs When the king and his bon ton were come in together. The chanting in chapel achieved and ended. Clerics and all the court acclaimed the glad season, Cried Noel anew, good news to men(line 62). Before their meal, all guests gather to sub gifts Then gallants gather gaily, hand-gifts to make, called them out clearly, claimed them by hand(line 66). During the celebration, people exchange kisses, and the author describes some women who kiss many men Ladies laughed aloud, though losers they were (line 69). Then all the visitors wash their hands before the meal, which may give us important information about social practices at the fourteenth-century English court When they had washed them worthily, they went to their seating(line 72). Arrangement of seats is precisely defined and the most powerful persons sit at the head of the table. GRAPH The qu een Guenevere, Arthurs wife, sits at the top