Efficacy of Herbal Shampoo and Pesticides for Head Lice

Efficacy of Herbal Shampoo and Pesticides for Head Lice Efficacy of herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis(Roxb.) Kurz ( Clusiaceae) compared with chemical pediculicides for head lice treatment in Thailand   Ã‚   Sirawut Sittichok1 and Mayura Soonwera1   Abstract Currently, alternative pediculicide from plant are need for head lice treatment because of chemical over-the -counter have lost in efficacy due to increasing resistance of head lice( Pediculus humanus capitis ) to chemical over-the-counter worldwide .As the result , this study was to assess the efficacy of herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz (Clusiaceae) compared with two chemical pediculides ( carbaryl shampoo ; Hafif shampoo ®; 0.6% w/v carbaryl and permethrin shampoo ; Scully Anti-Lice shampoo ®; 0.5% w/v permethrin) and baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®) for head lice treatment. In vitro study used the filter paper method with three doses of 0.002, 0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2 of each treatment for assessing the toxicity of each treatment on mortality of nymph and adult of head ice. The results revealed that as the concentration of treatment increased from the doses of 0.002, 0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2, the mortality rate of nymphs and adults of head liceincreased. Moreove r,the most pediculicidal activity was shown by the dose 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo at 10 min,showing 100% mortality of nymphs( LT50 value of 0.2 min and LC50 value of 0.00001 ml/cm2) and adults(LT50 value of 0.7 min and LC50 value of 0.001 ml/cm2). In addition, these results showed more effective on pediculicidal activity than carbaryl shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 6.3 to 10.1 min), permethrin shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 28.9 to 61.8 min) and baby shampoo (LT50 values ranged from 77.3 to 87.1 min). For the results of in vivo test showed that G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited 100 % of cure rate after the 2nd and 3rd treatments and these result was more effective for head lice treatment than two chemical pediculicides and baby shampoo( cure rate ranged from 0 to 96.7%). Consequently, the results of this study pointed that G. dulcis shampoo showed high potential for to be used as alternative pediculicide for head lice treatment of children in Thailand . Keywords: Pediculus humanus capitis, herbal shampoo, Garcinia dulcis , carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo Corresponding author: M. Soonwera (à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ª) and S. Sittichok Introduction   Ã‚   Pediculosis capitis (head lice infestation), caused by the wingless insect, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer (Phthiraptera: Pediculicidae), is one of the most ectoparasitic infestation of human worldwide and affecting mostly children with more than a million per year worldwide. However,Each year ,nearly five million of children and parent are newly infested ( pediculosis) with this ectoparasitic insect (Pilger et al., 2010 and Roberts, 2002). The some researchers reported that, an annual rate of 15 million infestation with head lice and cost of 150 US$ per treatment in the USA, the overall annual cost of head lice treatments are estimated to be US$ 2,250 million . In addition, over-the-counter pediculicides sales in the USA were estimated at >US$ 240 million per year in 1997 and increased to > US$ 350 million per year in 2003 (West , 2004). Furthermore, the American infested children are lost 12-24 million school days per year by No Nit Policy (the policy for infested schoolchildr en, before they can return to schools ,they to be free of nits ,nymphs and adults of head lice )( National Association of School Nurses,2016) . So, annual economic loss owing to missed workdays and schooldays by parents and infected children who have to stay home estimated of US$ 4-8 billion to the countrys economy (Ko and Elston, 2004 ; Leung et al.,2005). However, numerous case of head lice infestations has been reported throughout the world (Eroglu et al., 2016; Doroodgar et al., 2014). Generally , the neurotoxic insecticides (such as malathion, cabaryl, lindane, permethrin) used as pediculicides for head lice treatment worldwide and head lice resistance to neurotoxic pediculicides have occurred in several parts of the world. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016,Devore et al.,2015 and Devore and Schutze ,2015). The alternative pediculicides for head lice treatments are critical needed. However ,alternative pediculicides from plants or herbs have attracted a good pedi culicides to develop the new potion for head lice treatment, because of their low mammalian toxicity and save for children, mode of action that are not neurotoxic and the possibility that they will have a low potential for the development of head lice resistance (Rassami and Soonwera, 2013; Strycharz et al.,2014). In addition, Gallardo et al.(2012) and Toloza et al.(2006) reported the pediculicidal activities of essential oils from Geranium maculatum ( geranium) ,Myrcianthes cisplatensis ,Eucalyptus cinerea , Eucalyptus viminalis and Eucalyptus saligna .The lotions based on essential oils from lavender ,peppermint and eucalyptus exhibited pediculicidal properties( Audino et al.,2007).Moreover, herbal shampoos of Averrhoa bilimbi ,Clitoria ternatea,Myristica fragrans , Plectranthus amboincus, Tacca chantrieri, Zingiber cassumunar and Zanthoxylum limonella exhibited high pediculicidal activities ( Rassami and Soonwera,2013). The pediculosis among Thai preschool children(3-5 years old) and Thai primaryschool children(6-12 years old) ,especially the children in the rural area of Thailand were high level with more than 50% and normally the frist option for head lice treatment of them were chemical control. Unfortunately, mostly the chemical pediculicides in Thailand market are neurotoxic pediculicides ( such as pediculicides consist of lindane, malathion ,carbaryl and permethrin ) and several products have lost in efficacy due to increasing resistance of head lice to chemical pediculicides (Rassami and Soonwera, 2013). Moreover ,the high toxic effects of chemical pediculicides to children were recorded in several part of the world.The mode of action of chemical pediculicides to children were toxic to the childrens respiratory and nervous systems(Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Consequently , the infested children in Thailand needed the effective and safety pedicilicides for head lice treatment, the aim of this study was to evaluate the pediculicidal activity of herbal shampoo from Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz (Clusiaceae) against head lice and compared pediculicidal activity with two chemical pediculicides (carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®, 0.6% w/v carbaryl), permethrin shampoo (Scully Anti-Lice shampoo ®, 0.5% w/v permethrin)) and one baby shampoo (Care baby Shampoo ®) in vitro and in vivo test. In addition, G. dulcis plant is known as Maphutin Thailand.This plant specie is an edible plant and fruit and use asmedicinal plant in Thailand. All part of G. dulcis have long been used in traditional Thai medicines such as expectorant , antipyretic, antitoxic, anti-inflammatory and tonic. The mature fruit of G. dulcis also can be used for soft drink , jam or fruit paste (Fig.1, Deachathai et al., 2005 and Lim, 2011). For this reason, herbal shampoo from G. dulcis is the selected herbal shampoo in this study. We will hope that G. dulcis shampoo is the good , effective and safety he rbal product for to be used as alternative pediculicide for Thai infested children especially rural children in Thailand. Materials and Methods Collection of Garcinia dulcis fruits and herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis The leaves, flowers, raw and mature fruits of this plant were collected from Bangkok and Nakhonratchasima province (North-eastern part of Thailand),Thailand during May-June 2016 (Fig. 1) for identification by the taxonomist of Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand. The extracts from mature fruits of Garcinia dulcis were used for herbal shampoo by medicinal plant scientist of Medicinal Plant Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, KMITL. All herbal shampoo of Garcinia dulcis for this research was provided free of charge from Medicinal Plant Laboratory. Chemical shampoo and baby shampoo: Carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®, 0.6% w/v carbaryl) : this chemical product was a common pediculicide in Thailand . This product was purchased from IDS Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Pathumthani province, Thailand and used as positive control. Permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo ®, 0.5% w/v permethrin) ,It was the chemical product and usually used as pediculicide in Thailand. It was purchased from Sherwood Chemical Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Chacheangsao province, Thailand and used as positive control. Baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®) ,this baby shampoo was purchased from Colgate-Palmolive (Thailand) Ltd. 700/362, Bangna-Trad km57, Amphur Muang, Chonburi Province 20000, Thailand and used as negative control. Collection of head lice This study was approved by the Ethics committee of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkuts Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Bangkok, Thailand ( 2559-01-04-013) and in collaboration with the directors and teachers of thee primary schools at Bangkok, Thailand. However, the 250 of schoolchildren were infested with head lice and to collaboration in this study. All head lice ( 3rd nymphs and adults) were collected by the anti-head lice combs from collaborating schoolchildren . Moreover, the protocol for head lice treatment of collaborating schoolchildren ,allowed using only the anti-head lice combs during 30 days.Afterward, nymphs and adults of head lice were separated by carefully removing them from teeth of the combs into clean insect boxes (18.023.0x5.5 cm) and were transported them to Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, KMITL, within 30 min. All nymph and adults of head lice were identification by Entomologist of our Faculty, as Pedic ulus humanus capitis De Geer (Pediculidae: Phthiraptera). The P.humanus capitis specimens to be used as the further reference specimens for further research and were kept in the museum of Faculty of Agricultural Technology , KMITL. Bioassay The bioassay used filter paper contact to evaluate the pediculicidal activity of four shampoos (G dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo ,permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo) and the distrillation water( negative control) in vitro. This bioassay was adapted from Rssami and Soonwera( 2013) and Soonwera(2016) and 30 min after head lice collection,the bioassay was stared. The doses of 0.002 ,0.003 and 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo, baby shampoo and distillation water ( negative control ) were applied to the filter paper (Whatman ® No1, 4.8 cm diameter) and after drying for 30 s, each filter paper was placed on the bottom of a petri dish (5.0 cm diameter). Afterward, selection under the stereomicroscope (Nikon ® Type 102) for the10 nymphs (the 3rd stage nymphs) or the adults of head lice and were placed them on each filter paper. The mortalities of nymphs or adults on each filter paper were recorded under dissecting stereomicroscope at 10, 30 and 60 min. In addition, the criteria for mortality of all head louse was defined as the complete absence of any vital signs from the external and the internal structures of head lice such as legs ,antennae ,digestive system, nervous system and muscular system with or without stimulation by micro-paintbrush (Rassami and Soonwera , 2013).The criteria for the pediculicidal activity was adapted from Sonwera(2016) was defined as the LT50 value of treatement was less than 1.0 min. All treatments were replicated 10 times. The mortality data was statistic analyzed with Duncans multiple range test (DMRT) using SPSS for windows version 16.0. The LT50 and LC50 values were calculated by Probit analysis. In vivo test, The total number of 120 infested (pediculosis) schoolchildren between the ages 5 to 12 years from three primary schools in Ladkrabang district, Bangkok, Thailand were selected to participate in the experiment. In addition, the criteria for pediculosis was defined as the presence of at least on the alive egg or nit (alive nit was within 0.5-1.0cm of hair from the scalp and tan to coffee colour with an intact operculum) , the living nymph or the living adult. All infested schoolchildren in this study allowed using only the anti-head lice comb for head lice treatment and during the experimental period, they had not been treated head lice with any chemical pediculicides or any herbal shampoos. The 120 infested schoolchildren were randomly and separated into four groups (10 schoolchildren per group per school).However, all treatment was replicated three times, as follows; Group 1 treated with G. dulcis shampoo Group 2 treated with carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®, 0.6% w/v carbaryl) Group 3 treated with permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo ®, 0.5% w/v permethrin) Group 4 treated with baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®) However, all infested schoolchildren in the groups were treated with G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo by applying 20 ml of each shampoo to a wet hair and scalp per head for 5 min and then rinsed off with the clean water. The cure rate (no pediculosis) was recorded of 1 day after the 1st application . In addition , the second application was started 1 day after the first application for the infested schoolchildren (pidiculosis)in the groups ,after the first application.They were treated with the tested shampoos for cured and recorded the cure rate . The third application was started 1 day after the second application, the infested schoolchildren( pediculosis) in the groups ( after the 2nd application) were treated with the tested shampoos for cured and recorded the cure rate . In addition , the criteria for cure rate was defined as the complete absence of the alive nit, the living nymph and the living adult of head lice on hair and scalp of scho olchildren and criteria for pediculicide was defined as 100% of cure rate. Results The efficacy of four tested shampoos ( G. dulcis shampoo, carbaryl shampoo, permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo) on mortality of 3rd stage nymphs of P. humanus capitis as shown in Table 1 . The most effective in pediculicide was shown by the 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo caused 100% mortality of nymphs at 10 min, LT50 value of 0.2 min and LC50 value of 0.00001 ml/cm2 . Moreover , this results exhibited significant in pediculicide (LT50value less than 1.0 min) over carbaryl shampoo ( 82.0% mortality,LT50value of 6.3min) ,permethrin shampoo( 42.0%mortality ,LT50value of28.9 min) and baby shampoo ( 35.0% mortality ,LT50 value of 77.3 min). However, at the dose of 0.003 ml/cm2 revealed that G. dulcis shampoo caused 100% mortality at 30 min and LT50 values ranged from 2.2 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with 78.0 , 48.0 and 39.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 8.2 , 55.8 and 79.2 min ,respectively. At the dose of 0.002 ml/cm2, G. dulcis shampoo exhibited 100% mortality at 30 min and LT50 value of 3.7 min followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with 77.0 , 44.0 and 37.0% mortality and LT50 values of 9.1 , 58.5 and 87.1 min , respectively. However , based on the LC50 values indicated the order of the effective in pediulicide of tested shampoo as G. dulcis shampoo ( 0.00001 ml/cm2) > carbaryl shampoo( 0.002ml/cm2) > permethrin shampoo ( 0.1ml/cm2) > baby shampoo( 1.8 ml/cm2). However , no mortality of all nymph at all dose in distillation water group was observed ,so distillation water was nontoxic to all nymphs during the testing time The results of in vitro test of P. humanus capitis adults as shown in Table 2 and Fig. 3. At the dose 0.006 ml/cm2 of G. dulcis shampoo was the most toxic to head lice adults with 100% mortality at 10.0 min, LT50 value of 0.7 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with72.0 , 41.0 and 32.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 6.7 , 35.2 and 79.6 min, respectively . Moreover, the mortality results of head lice adults of G. dulcis shampoo showed significant pediculicidal activity (LT50 50 values ranged from 6.7 to 35.2 min) and baby shampoo (LT50 value of 79.6 min). At dose of 0.003 ml/cm2 revealed that of G. dulcis shampoo also showed the most toxic to head lice adults with 100% mortality at 60 min and LT50 value of 3.3 min , followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with77.0 , 60.0 and 41.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 9.5 , 38.5 and 80.6 min, respectively . In addition , G. dulcis shampoo at the dose of 0.02 ml/cm2 caused 84.0 % mortality of head lice adults at 60 min and LT50value of 4.4 min ,followed by carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and baby shampoo with70.0 , 50.0 and 31.0 % mortality and LT50 values of 10.1 , 61.8 and 87.6 min, respectively. Moreover, based on LC50 value pointed that of G. dulcis shampoo was the highest effective in pediculicide to head lice adults showing LC50 value of 0.001ml/cm2, followed by carbaryl shampoo (0.002 ml/cm2), permethrin shampoo (0.2 ml/cm2) and baby shampoo ( 2.2 ml/cm2) ,respectively. Meanwhile , no mortality of adults were observed in distillation water( negative control). All adults in negative control survived and normality throughout the testing periods.In addition, statistical analysis of head lice nymphs and adults showed significant differences between G. dulcis shampoo and two chemical shampoos( carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo). In addition, nymphs(LT50 values 0.2 to 87.1 min) were more susceptibility to all tested shampoo than adults (with LT5 0 values 0.7 to 87.6 min). In vivo results as shown in Table 3 and Fig.2 ( the first application) , 4( the second application) and 5( the third application) , the results for the first application revealed that G. dulcis shampoo exhibited the highest cure rate(97.6%) and the lowest pediculosis(3.3%) ,followed by carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo with the cure rate of 73.3 and 16.7 % and pediculosis of 26.7 and 83.3 % ,respectively. Meanwhile,Care baby shampoo ®as the negative control showed 0% of cure rate and Pediculusis of 100%(100% of schoolchildren still had head lice on the head ) after the first application. The results for the second application showed that G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited the highest of cure rate (100%) and 0% of pediculosis followed by carbaryl shampoo and permethrin shampoo showed cure rate of 83.3 and 23.3% and pediculosis of 16.7 and 76.7 %, respectively. However , 100% pediculosis of all schoolchildren were recorded in the Care baby shampoo ® treatment. Therefore, the Ca re baby shampoo ®( the negative control ) was not effective in pediculicide for head lice treatment. The results of the third application, G. dulcis shampoo also exhibited the most effective in pediculicide to head lice showing 100% of cure rate. Moreover, G. dulcis shampoo showed more effective in pediculicide( 100% of cure rate) than carbanyl shampoo ( 90.0% cure rate,10.0% pediculosis) and permethrin shampoo( 27.8% cure rate , 72.2% pediculicides). However,Care baby shampoo ® also showed nonpediculicidal activity with 100% of pediculosis in tested schoolchildren. All the result of this study pointed that G. dulcis shampoo was the highest efective pediculicide( 100% of cure rate,LT50 value less than 1.0 min) for controlling head lice. The G. dulcis shampoo exhibited more effective in pediculicide than carbaryl shampoo , permethrin shampoo and Care baby shampoo ®. In addition, after 1st, 2nd and 3rd applications, none of schoolchildren showed negative side effect such as the red spot of the scalp and neck, burning sensation or irritation of the scalp. Discussion Our data in this study, G. dulcis shampoo showed the highest toxic to nymph and adult of head lice with 100% mortality at 10 min, LT50 value 50 values ranged from 0.00001 to 0.001 ml/cm2, in vitro test. Moreover, this result showed more effective pediculicide than carbaryl shampoo (Hafif shampoo ®), permethrin shampoo (Scully shampoo ®) and baby shampoo (Care baby shampoo ®). In addition , in vivo test, G. dulcis shampoo also showed toxicity to head lice and was more effective pediculicide for head lice treatment than two chemical and baby shampoos with 100% cure rate after the second application. Meanwhile, two chemical shampoos showed the cure rate of 27.0-90.0% after the third application. However,Care baby shampoo ®as negative control in this research showed 0% of cure rate and 100% pediculosis( the tested schoolchildren still had head lice after the third application). In addition, baby shampoo cannot be used as pediculicide for head lice treatment of schoolchildren, it was a mild formulation to gently cleanse baby hair without sting babys eyes. As the result, baby shampoo is not suitable for controlling head lice. However, Rassami and Soonwera (2013) reported the high effective in pediculicide of herbal shampoos for head lice treatment of schoolchildren in Thailand such as herbal shampoos of Phyllanthus emblica (Euphorbiaceae) and Zanthoxylum limonella (Rutaceae) and Acorus calamus (Acoraceae) and the results for head lice treatments of all herbal shampoo were more effective in pediculicides than carbaryl and malathion shampoos. However, carbaryl shampoo (0.6% w/v carbaryl) in this study was a common pediculicide in Thailand market for head lice treatment. The toxicity of carbaryl shampoo to children ,after application of this chememical shampoo for head lice control also recorded in several parts of the world. Moreover, this chemical shampoo was the hazardous shampoo for infested children , especially the children less than 5 years of age and it high toxic to childrens nervous system(Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Moreover, carbaryl pediculicide showed decreased efficacy against head lice and head lice resistance to carbaryl pediculicide has been reported in several countries such as Australia, UK and USA (Durand et al., 2012 and Eisenhower and Farrington,2012). Since 1995 In the UK, since 1995 carbaryl pediculicide has been available only on prescription, because of concerns about possible carcinogenic effect ( any substance that produces cancer). However,in the UK, 1% carbaryl product in aqueous formulation is still recommended for UK head lice guidelines (Durand et al., 2012). On the other side, permethrin shampoo (0.5% w/v permethrin; Scully shampoo ®) showed 30-75% mortality of nymphs and adults of head lice (LT50 values ranged from 28.9 to 61.8 min) in vitro test and exhibited 16.7-27.8% of cure rate (72.2-83.3% of pediculosis in schoolchildren ) in vivo test and these results were less pediculicidal activities than G. dulcis shampoo. Moreover, in this study, permethrin shampoo showed the low efficacy in pediculicide may be explained by nymphs , adults and nits of head lice were resistance to permethrin shampoo . However, permethrin shampoo is the common and preferred shampoo of Thai infested children especially for the urban children for head lice treatment , because permethrin shampoo exhibited a rapid effect in mortality of head lice. Unfortunately, the toxicity of permethrin shampoo to children and head lice resistance to permethrin shampoo were recored in serveral parts of the world . Moreover, permethrin shampoo was the neurotoxic product for children ,it showed high toxic to nerve cells of children. The side effect after treated with permethrin shampoo were the itching , rash and burning of the childrens scalp and corneal damage of childrens eyes (Allen and Cox, 2016 and Ko and Elston, 2004 ). However ,permethrin shampoo also toxic to the head lices nervous system , it destroyed the nerve cells of head lice , resulting in incapability and mortality of head lice (Eisenhower and Farrington, 2012 and Cute et al., 2008). However, pyrethroids products such as permethrin and D-phenothrin have been registered as pediculicides since the 1970s and have been widely common as over-the-counter pediculicides since the 1980s (Devore and Schutz,2015) .The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of USA approved permethrin pediculicide can be used in patients as young as 2 months of age and older and pregnant women ( American Academy of Pediatrics,2015). Consequently, caution should be used in patients with ragweed allergy, because respiratory difficulty or asthmatic episodes may occur with permethrin use in such patients (Devore et al.,2015 and Eisenhower and Farrington, 2012). Moreover, The clinical and parasitologic resistance to pyrethroids was first reported in France in a randomized controlled trial and followed by additional reports from Europe (Czech Republic, United Kingdom and Denmark), the Middle East (Israel), North (United States), and South (Argentina) America, Asia (Japan), and Australia ( Durand et al.2012, Ko and Elton,2004 and West,2004). However, G. dulcis shampoo showed the most effective pediculicide in vitro and in vivo in this study. The alternative pediciculicides from herbs such as neem exhibited high potential for head lice treatment ( Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2016). In addition, herbal shampoo base on 10% of long pepper (Piper retrofactum) fruits of Acorus calamus, Phyllanthus emblica and Zanthoxylum limonella extracts showed highly effective pediculicides for head lice treatment of infested schoolchildren in Ladkrabang area, Bangkok, Thailand, and these results were more effective in pediculicide than carbaryl and permethrin shampooes ( Rassami and Soonwera,2013 ; Soonwera, 2016). However , Audino et al.(2007) reported the lotions containing essential oils from eucalyptus , peppermint and lavender showed more effective pediculicide than the commercial lotion in the Argentina market. Moreover, the commercial pediculicide products based on plants and herbs such as Licatack shampoo ® (extract of grapefruit), Aes culo Gel ® L (active compound noted Cocos nucifera oil), WashAway Laus shampoo ® (active compound noted neem extracts), Nopucid Bio Citrus ® (active compound noted bergamot essential oil), Paranix ® (active compound noted essential oils from coconut, anise, and ylang ylang), Puressntiel ® (active compound noted essential oils of lavender, clove, tea tree, geranium, vegetable oils of cocos, calophyllum, jojoba, sunflower, almond, ricin) showed high effectiveness against head lice (Abdel-Ghaffar et al., 2016 and Soonwera, 2016). However, G. dulcis is known as an Asian medicinal plant, belongs to the family Clusiaceae (Guttiferae) and is widely distributed in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries (Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines (Deachathai et al., 2005 and Pinkaew et al., 2012).This plant is locally known as Maphuut in Thailand, Mundu in Indonesia and Malaysia. The G dulcis is an edidible plant and evergreen tree (size of 5 to 20 m high ,Fig 1). The fruit with ye llow and white latexes and fruit latexes were turns to lightly brown on exposure to the air. The bark is dark brown and rough and much branched. The leaves are large and leathery with dark green color and leaves are opposite, simple large, ovate, and oval to belong up to 10-30 cm long by 3-15 cm wide(Fig 1). The fruits are oblate to round and the diameter of fruit size of 5.5-8.5 cm (Fig.1). The fruit peels are smooth, green when immature and tuning yellow or yellow-dark when ripe and usually 1 fruit has 1 to 5 seeds . The fruit peel is thin and soft when ripe while the fresh is pulpy and yellow in color. However, soft yellow flesh has a butter-like consistency and slightly acidic but pleasant to eat. The raw fruit is too sour to be eaten but local Thai people used raw fruit of G. dulcis to improve the taste in sour and spicy soup, Thai curry , spicy soup , pickles and used mature fruits in jam ,butter or sherbert (Abu-Baker et al., 2015 and Lim, 2011). Furthermore,all part of G. du lcis has long been used in traditional Thai medicine to treat human diseases such as fever,cold ,antipyretic and detoxification (Deachathai et al., 2006 and Pinkaew et al., 2012). The stem bark has been used traditionally as anti-inflammatory agent and crushed extract from the bark is used for cleaning wounds while the fruit juice was used as expectorant for coughs, and scurvy. The extracts of G. dulcis roots are used for antipyretic, anti-toxic and detoxification (Deachathai et al., 2005; Lim, 2011 and Lamai et al., 2013). The traditional medicine of Indonesia have been used seeds and leaves of G. dulcis to treat human disase such as thyrocele , lymphatitis and parotitis and the extracts of G . dulcis fruits and leves to treat of anti-HIV activity , antiviral, ant-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor , anti-cancer and anti-oxidant (Abu-Bakar et al., 2015; Lamai et al., 2013; Hutadilox-Towatana et al., 2007; Pang et al., 2009; Pinkaew et al., 2012 and Tuansulong et al., 2011). However, G. dulcis is an edible plant in Thailand and also used as the medicinal plant in traditional Thai medicine and G.dulcis shampoo also exhibited the high effective in pediculicide to controlling head lice.Therefore, herbal shampoo from G. dulcis in this study is the effective and safe pediculicide and after application with G dulcis shampoo , the tested children were no-side effect such as the red spot or irritarion on the scalpes of the chidren.This herbal shampoo is suitable to be used as alternative herbal pediculicide for head lice treatment, especially for infested children in rural area of Thailand and may be the good and safe pediculicide for children of rural area of Southeast

Money Makes the World Go Round

If used as a textbook in international political economy, the book â€Å"Money Makes the World Go Round† written by Barbara Garson is an outstanding book that illustrates the reality of how interrelated the modern economy has grown to be, and does so more concretely and evidently than textbooks can. In this book, Garson emphasizes that it is the restless flow of investment capital that distributes the gains and advantages of the free market, democracy, and the mass media to our progressively more borderless world. Simultaneously, Garson bewails the poverty and suffering visited upon the less fortunate billion individuals who bob like corks on the rising and falling economic deluge.The exposure that directs Garson to these assumptions makes for a picaresque account, meandering from the canyons of Wall Street to the oil refineries and shrimp farms of Southeast Asia, to a Maine factory town, and to then to the backwoods of Tennessee. Personally, I think that Garson’s casua l, from time to time loopy writing style might annoy certain readers. Nevertheless her voice is so determinedly good-natured and her intelligence so apparent that towards the end of this probing capitalist's Baedeker the reader can't help but trust Garson’s calm judgments.Garson’s journey started when she formulated an extraordinary strategy to discover just how †one world† we actually are. Garson had obtained a total of $34,500, as part of her cash advance for this book, invested the said amount, and then went after the money. A certain investment was placed in a privately owned small-town bank, which Garson thought would demonstrate †decent† banking ethics, free from the pressure to illustrate quarterly earnings increases.For almost the first half of the book, Garson tracks this money–or, relatively, money that may well have been hers but was in principle unfeasible to recognize as such. The day Garson deposited her money, the bank tran smitted $1 million or so to Chase Manhattan Corp., now J.P. Morgan Chase (JPM), its correspondent bank, to help fulfill a federal funds reserve condition. In doing this mission, Garson intends to work out what Chase would do with the money and trace those it consequently touched.Logically, there's no way to identify which fraction of any funds in fact belonged to Garson. Nevertheless it doesn't matter. The hypotheticals Garson turns up with are just as appealing as the verifiable facts in this book. With commendable firmness, Garson bangs on plenty of doors at Chase, and ultimately several do open. During the time of her study, the bank was distributing letters of credit and loans right and left to entrepreneurs and multinationals in Southeast Asia, and some of these Garson visit them.Thus, Garson flies to Map Ta Phut, Thailand, to observe a new oil refinery that is being in part –as Garson thinks– funded by her money. While in Thailand, she discovers a jellyfish expor ter and several shrimp farmers. Garson hypothesizes that all of them may possibly have benefited themselves of †her† money by means of Chase letters of credit.Garson's journey acted as a platform for her to investigate the effect of economic growth on the common folk. All the way through Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore she chats up everybody ranging from small-business owners and plant managers to street vendors and migrant workers. Garson came to know that a lot of the people have left ancestral villages and families behind to get a grip in the growing economy.The book's second half unfolds in the United States. Garson has likewise invested $5,000 with the Mutual Series funds created and handled, during the time, by value investor Michael Price.During that time, Mutual Series have possession of approximately 20% of Sunbeam Corp. (SOC), whose revenue were failing. Price, who had earned his status by means of forcing firms to sell off properties or else release sharehol der value, aimed at Sunbeam for a restructuring. Under criticism, the Sunbeam board set up contentious turnaround artist †Chainsaw Al† Dunlap.The book is not without a political spin and a moral force. One of the most horrible villains we come across is Dunlap, the doyen of rationalizing. Throughout his stay at Sunbeam, Dunlap almost clear-felled the firm, wiping out thousands of jobs and lives, and even losing his shareholders a huge amount of money. It was the Sunbeam’s third restructuring in a period of ten years, and as Garson remarks â€Å"How many times can you squeeze a lemon?†The author’s sketch of Dunlap is remarkable. With passion, Garson demonstrates what she considers as his pretense and hypocrisy and the line of hogwash he fed analysts and investors.Nevertheless, there is a humanism and depth here that surpasses the potshots at Dunlap. During the sequence of her reporting, Garson nearly becomes a native of Portland, Tenn., the miserable place of a Sunbeam aluminum continued to close factories, fire workers, and outsource manufacturing. Garson skillfully describes the social drama of Portland natives bearing the loss of their livelihood. Then Garson’s next stop offers a sharp dissimilarity: Next, she heads up to the factory town of Biddeford, Me., where workers at Sunbeam's ill-fated electric-blanket plant evaded a shutdown through a hard-won employee takeover.Then, Garson ultimately doubles back to catch up on all her connections. In Thailand the growth has been busted. One of Garson’s interviewees, worryingly, has vanished, another one is studying English to get ready for the next growth. And in the United States, she restores communication with her Maine and Tennessee friends. Although these people are a world apart, Garson was able to obtain universal lessons regarding the unending strain of capital and the character of the global economy.According to Garson, half the world has never made or picked up a phone call, and that's the half struck hardest by tremendous fluctuations of capital. Eventually, Garson calls for deregulating capital flows—by means of taxes on currency transactions to regulate rumors — and †bail-ins† that compel banks to take in certain losses from their own bad loans. Nevertheless, Garson said that the goodies in this global village are very unequally distributed.'Garson’s conclusion is bleak; having compelled American businesses to combine and divest and break up over the last 20 years, there are hardly any bones left for the organized shareholders to pick, and as a result they're starting to concentrate on European companies. European investment and labor laws have so far avoided much use of the strip-and-dump method; however these laws are now being revoked by governments attempting to be business-friendly. And then when Europe's firms are exposed in a period of 20 years, what then? This section of the book connects pro perly to some experts’ assumption regarding growth typically being damaging to companies.Nevertheless, aside from villains, there are heroes in the book as well: smart engineers, farmers, clever engineers, aggressive young women coming from Isarn (North Eastern Thailand) who attack their own noodle shops, impassive factory workers from small town Southern USA and Mangrove Action Network protesters beating out policies in New York City.In the middle of all these entertaining and earthly stories, Garson elucidates with absolute lucidity how the international financial markets operate, the driving force of shareholder values, the growing dis-articulation between capital and workers, productivity and profit.   With this book as a textbook in international political economy, the reader can notice that Garson is resolutely on the side of the people and she creates an image, frame by frame, of how the globalized economy have an effect on people. This is a helpful reference book be cause it puts the â€Å"real† back into the economy.The story in Garson’s book can be replicated hundreds of times in numerous nations: capital comes and goes, however labor doesn’t; currency fluctuations produce debt; permanent social changes happen without the economic stability that may possibly mitigate their damaging effects. Then the reader will start to observe one of the focal problems in this entire argument, which is the separation of the social and the economic.Another supposition in the book is that there actually is a free market in the world economy that everybody, when they have become a producer, is contending in an open and fair field. The cruel circle of currency susceptibility beforehand, certainly, distorts such a picture; yet the simple truth is that traditional protectionism is flourishing and well in the richer countries.Upon reading the book, the reader will realize that exports coming from the less economically developed nations into the European Union — let alone the U.S. — are up against the harshest limitations, in spite of agreements achieved in 1994 in the Uruguay Round of tariff discussions.   Furthermore, governmental subsidy in the developed nations combines with protectionist tariffs in maintaining an extreme inequality in access to the legendary open market of globalizing premise.In reading the book, the reader will also be able to come up with challenging thoughts regarding the present mechanism of the global economy, which is to reflect if capital mobility can indeed be a cause in establishing permanent and catastrophic social changes and whether lip service to free trade is exactly that and no more. Moreover, one could also reflect on the diverse phenomena of debt, which play a vital part in the ongoing immobilization of local economies.Meanwhile, Garson’s book also made me think about the mercurial character of mobile global capital that makes it more difficult for projects to à ¢â‚¬Å"bed down† in their wider environment; they turn out to be divided from the areas in which individuals act and select, create relationships and establish loyalties.Lastly, this book is very helpful to people who wants to study international political and for those people who are attempting to study about the world of investing. When one reads the book, one will feel that Garson takes us on her own journey to study the international economy, and during the process of Garson’s journey, we will also feel as if we have met the faces and the individuals behind the entire process. I think that Garson handles the book with a very down to earth and open-minded approach, and for the main part, doesn't draw several of her personal conclusions. Instead, Garson lets the reader come up with his/her own conclusion.This book is truly a must-read and a helpful book because finally, certain detail and information regarding investing that is more than just numbers and returns is fin ally offered to the public. Thus, this book is highly recommended for anybody who is searching where to put/invest his/her money, or is just attempting to understand and recognize how â€Å"money makes the world go around.† After reading the book, one can confidently go to the Reuters newswires and have a knowledge and comprehension of just what is behind the newest news announcements, and most importantly, what they denote in genuine terms for real individuals.Reference:Garson, Barbara. (2001).   Money Makes the World Go Round.   Viking.

Behavioral Contract

I have always loved to watch movies and television shows but I guess it was an addiction already for the past couple of months. I can say that I am very much hooked in watching the television for the past seven months. I love the thrill, happiness, suspense I feel whenever I watch something on television. Whenever I am at home, my whole day would be spent in front of the television. I sometimes skip meals just to watch my favourite movie or a certain talk show.Sometimes I even do not take a bath just to keep track of what I am watching. I love watching those shows that exposes the current fashion, recent social issues, and television magazines, shows that tells Hollywood celebrities’ lives and most of all, movies like suspense thriller, horror, love stories and fairy tales. For me it is the source of my enjoyment, I sometimes forget to study and read books.I think too much watching the television causes great effects in my being. We cannot deny the fact that the youth are grea t imitators and that is one of our natures. We really follow and imitate what we see and observed from other people especially when we realize that these people involved manifests excitement in doing such acts and we see these people as beautiful and attractive as they could be; we tend to idolize and mimic it.Present television’s advertisements, commercials, shows and movies already content acts and scenes that indicates discrimination if one has an unacceptable look physically and intellectually as perceived by the society, as what is being showcased in the standards of the society; that to be beautiful is to have a white complexion, tall, slender, witty and sexually appealing which have great impact to the minds of the younger generations.These kinds of entertainments will create curiosity and puzzlements to our young minds that will push us to try it by ourselves. This does not concern only the advertisements but also talk shows and movies. They tackle and expose about se x and relationship, love affairs that sometimes we are so caught up with these ideas, which we tend to forget our other responsibilities. I think being bored triggers my addiction to television.I want something to entertain me so that I do not get too alone. Sometimes I get bored just studying and doing other things, but when it comes to television, I really can’t feel ennui at all. I really feel entertain by the television. I should control my being hooked on television and might as well eliminate it. I should discipline myself and have self control. Within 2 weeks I should minimize my television viewing and by the end of month I must have eliminated this behaviour already.If I spend too much of my time in front of the television then I will ask my mother to deduct my allowance by 50%, I will not be able to go on a night out during Fridays, I will not be allowed to wake up late during weekends, lastly I will not be able to go out with my friends during week ends. If I will n ot comply with the contract then my punishment for myself will be destroy all my shoes and sandals and I will come to school on slippers for one day. While if I will be able to follow all the terms in the contract and comply with it then I my reward will be, spending the whole weekend in my favourite beach resort and hotel. Behavioral Contract I have always loved to watch movies and television shows but I guess it was an addiction already for the past couple of months. I can say that I am very much hooked in watching the television for the past seven months. I love the thrill, happiness, suspense I feel whenever I watch something on television. Whenever I am at home, my whole day would be spent in front of the television. I sometimes skip meals just to watch my favourite movie or a certain talk show.Sometimes I even do not take a bath just to keep track of what I am watching. I love watching those shows that exposes the current fashion, recent social issues, and television magazines, shows that tells Hollywood celebrities’ lives and most of all, movies like suspense thriller, horror, love stories and fairy tales. For me it is the source of my enjoyment, I sometimes forget to study and read books.I think too much watching the television causes great effects in my being. We cannot deny the fact that the youth are grea t imitators and that is one of our natures. We really follow and imitate what we see and observed from other people especially when we realize that these people involved manifests excitement in doing such acts and we see these people as beautiful and attractive as they could be; we tend to idolize and mimic it.Present television’s advertisements, commercials, shows and movies already content acts and scenes that indicates discrimination if one has an unacceptable look physically and intellectually as perceived by the society, as what is being showcased in the standards of the society; that to be beautiful is to have a white complexion, tall, slender, witty and sexually appealing which have great impact to the minds of the younger generations.These kinds of entertainments will create curiosity and puzzlements to our young minds that will push us to try it by ourselves. This does not concern only the advertisements but also talk shows and movies. They tackle and expose about se x and relationship, love affairs that sometimes we are so caught up with these ideas, which we tend to forget our other responsibilities. I think being bored triggers my addiction to television.I want something to entertain me so that I do not get too alone. Sometimes I get bored just studying and doing other things, but when it comes to television, I really can’t feel ennui at all. I really feel entertain by the television. I should control my being hooked on television and might as well eliminate it. I should discipline myself and have self control. Within 2 weeks I should minimize my television viewing and by the end of month I must have eliminated this behaviour already.If I spend too much of my time in front of the television then I will ask my mother to deduct my allowance by 50%, I will not be able to go on a night out during Fridays, I will not be allowed to wake up late during weekends, lastly I will not be able to go out with my friends during week ends. If I will n ot comply with the contract then my punishment for myself will be destroy all my shoes and sandals and I will come to school on slippers for one day. While if I will be able to follow all the terms in the contract and comply with it then I my reward will be, spending the whole weekend in my favourite beach resort and hotel.

Populate/Submit Forms Using TWebBrowser in Delphi

The TWebBrowser Delphi control provides access to the Web browser functionality from your Delphi apps - to allow you to create a customized Web browsing application or to add Internet, file and network browsing, document viewing, and data downloading capabilities to your applications. Web Forms A web form or a form on a web page allows a web page visitor to enter data that is, in most cases, sent to the server for processing. The simplest web form could consist of one input element (edit control) and a submit button. Most web search engines (like Google) use such a web form to allow you to search the internet. More complex web forms would include drop-down lists, check boxes, radio buttons, etc. A web form is much like a standard windows form with text input and selection controls. Every form would include a button - a submit button - that tells the browser to take action on the web form (typically to send it to a web server for processing). Programmatically Populating Web Forms If in your desktop application you use the TWebBrowser to display web pages, you can programmatically control web forms: manipulate, change, fill, populate fields of a web form and submit it. Heres a collection of custom Delphi functions you can use to list all the web forms on a web page, to retrieve input elements, to programmatically populate fields and to finally submit the form. To more easily follow the examples, lets say theres a TWebBrowser control named WebBrowser1 on a Delphi (standard Windows) form. Note: you should add mshtml to your uses clause in order to compile the methods listed here. List Web Form Names, Get a Web Form by Index A web page would in most cases have only one web form, but some web pages might have more than one web form. Heres how to get the names of all the web forms on a web page: function WebFormNames(const document: IHTMLDocument2): TStringList; var   Ã‚  forms : IHTMLElementCollection;   Ã‚  form : IHTMLFormElement;   Ã‚  idx : integer; begin   Ã‚  forms : document.Forms as IHTMLElementCollection;   Ã‚  result : TStringList.Create;   Ã‚  for idx : 0 to -1 forms.length do   Ã‚  begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  form : forms.item(idx,0) as IHTMLFormElement;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  result.Add(form.name) ;   Ã‚  end; end; A simple usage to display the list of web form names in a TMemo: var   Ã‚  forms : TStringList; begin   Ã‚  forms : WebFormNames(WebBrowser1.Document AS IHTMLDocument2) ;   Ã‚  try   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  memo1.Lines.Assign(forms) ;   Ã‚  finally   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  forms.Free;   Ã‚  end; end; Heres how to get the instance of a web form by index.  For a single form page the index would be 0 (zero). function WebFormGet(const formNumber: integer; const document: IHTMLDocument2): IHTMLFormElement; var   Ã‚  forms : IHTMLElementCollection; begin   Ã‚  forms : document.Forms as IHTMLElementCollection;   Ã‚  result : forms.Item(formNumber,) as IHTMLFormElement end; Once you have the web form, you can list all the HTML input elements by their name, you can get or set the value for each of the fields, and finally, you can submit the web form. Web pages can host web forms with input elements like edit boxes and drop down lists which you can control and manipulate programmatically from Delphi code. Once you have the web form, you can  list all the HTML input elements by their name: function  WebFormFields(const  document: IHTMLDocument2;  const  formName :  string): TStringList;  var  Ã‚  Ã‚  form : IHTMLFormElement;   Ã‚  field : IHTMLElement;   Ã‚  fName : string;   Ã‚  idx : integer;  begin  Ã‚  Ã‚  form : WebFormGet(0, WebBrowser1.Document  AS  IHTMLDocument2) ;   Ã‚  result : TStringList.Create;   Ã‚  for  idx : 0  to  -1 form.length  do  Ã‚  begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  field : form.item(idx, ) as IHTMLElement;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  if  field   nil then  Continue;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  fName : field.id;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  if  field.tagName INPUT  then  fName : (field  as  IHTMLInputElement).name;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  if  field.tagName SELECT  then  fName : (field  as  IHTMLSelectElement).name;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  if  field.tagName TEXTAREA  then  fName : (field  as  IHTMLTextAreaElement).name;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  result.Add(fName) ;   Ã‚  end;  end; When you know the names of the fields on a web form, you can programmatically  get the value  for a single  HTML  field: function  WebFormFieldValue(   Ã‚  const  document: IHTMLDocument2;   Ã‚  const  formNumber : integer;   Ã‚  const  fieldName :  string):  string;  var  Ã‚  Ã‚  form : IHTMLFormElement;   Ã‚  field: IHTMLElement;  begin  Ã‚  Ã‚  form : WebFormGet(formNumber, WebBrowser1.Document  AS  IHTMLDocument2) ;   Ã‚  field : form.Item(fieldName,) as IHTMLElement;   Ã‚  if  field   nil then  Exit;   Ã‚  if  field.tagName INPUT  then  result : (field  as  IHTMLInputElement).value;   Ã‚  if  field.tagName SELECT  then  result : (field  as  IHTMLSelectElement).value;   Ã‚  if  field.tagName TEXTAREA  then  result : (field  as  IHTMLTextAreaElement).value;  end; An example of usage to get the value of an input field named URL: const  Ã‚  Ã‚  FIELDNAME url;  var  Ã‚  Ã‚  doc :IHTMLDocument2;   Ã‚  fieldValue :  string;  begin  Ã‚  doc : WebBrowser1.Document  AS  IHTMLDocument2;   Ã‚  fieldValue : WebFormFieldValue(doc, 0, FIELDNAME) ;   Ã‚  memo1.Lines.Add(Field : URL, value: fieldValue) ;end; The entire idea would have no value if you would not be able to  fill in web form elements: procedure  WebFormSetFieldValue(const  document: IHTMLDocument2;  const  formNumber: integer;  const  fieldName, newValue:  string) ;  var  Ã‚  Ã‚  form : IHTMLFormElement;   Ã‚  field: IHTMLElement;  begin  Ã‚  Ã‚  form : WebFormGet(formNumber, WebBrowser1.Document  AS  IHTMLDocument2) ;   Ã‚  field : form.Item(fieldName,)  as  IHTMLElement;   Ã‚  if  field   nil then  Exit;   Ã‚  if  field.tagName INPUT  then  (field  as  IHTMLInputElement).value : newValue;   Ã‚  if  field.tagName SELECT  then  (field  as  IHTMLSelectElement) : newValue;   Ã‚  if  field.tagName TEXTAREA  then  (field  as  IHTMLTextAreaElement) : newValue;  end; Submit  a Web Form Finally, when all the fields are manipulated, you would probably want to submit the web form from Delphi code. Heres how: procedure WebFormSubmit(   Ã‚  const  document: IHTMLDocument2;   Ã‚  const  formNumber: integer) ;  var  Ã‚  Ã‚  form : IHTMLFormElement;   Ã‚  field: IHTMLElement;  begin  Ã‚  Ã‚  form : WebFormGet(formNumber, WebBrowser1.Document  AS  IHTMLDocument2) ;   Ã‚  form.submit;  end; Not All Web Forms Are Open Minded Some web forms might host a captcha image to prevent web pages from being manipulated programmatically. Some web forms might not be submitted when you click the submit button. Some web forms execute JavaScript or some other procedure gets executed handled by the onsubmit event of the web form. In any event, web pages can be controlled programmatically, the only question is how far are you prepared to go?