The Australian and American Free

The Australian and American Freedom Rides Essay This article quickly examines the similitudes and contrasts of the ‘Australian and American Freedom Rides’ history. All through the paper, there is a conversation on what the reasons were for the dissent of the Freedom Rides. It additionally brings up the length of the dissent and the significant areas where they were held. The exposition additionally demonstrates the various responses to the dissent and the powerful conduct it results in. The American Freedom Rides were propelled by the ‘Journey of Reconciliation’ in 1947, â€Å"led by social liberties activists Bayard Rustin and George Houser†1. The Freedom Rides in America included riding a transport restricting the isolation of dark and whites riding together in buses2. Racial isolation was made unlawful after the Boynton v. Virginia case, particularly in significant open places, for example, â€Å"restaurants and lounge areas in terminal serving transports that crossed state lines†3 . After the case, the Freedom Riders resisted racial isolation by observing whether the Boynton v. Virginia case law was followed. The Australian Freedom Rides were motivated by the Freedom Rides of the ‘African American Civil Rights Movement. ’ The purpose behind the Freedom Rides in Australia (as in America) was to challenge the brutal conduct of white individuals towards individuals of color who were living in nation towns4. The Freedom Rides in Australia likewise included riding a transport simply like America, into New South Wales nation towns and fighting in areas where Aboriginal individuals were dismissed, for example, being â€Å"often denied assistance in shops, made to stand aside while others were served, kept to their own segment in films, prohibited from clubs and bars, and barred from open swimming pools†5. The Freedom Rides in America comprised of riding into â€Å"segregated southern United States†6, it began at Washington D. C. , on May 4, 1961 and intended to arrive at New Orleans on May 17, â€Å"but they never arrived at New Orleans†7. The Freedom Rides went through Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, got done with a social occasion in New Orleans, Louisiana8. The span of the American Freedom Rides happened chiefly in May 1961. Not at all like in America, the Freedom Rides in Australia occurred later on the twelfth February 19659; when the University of Sydney understudies rode into the â€Å"towns in northern New South Wales which contained enormous Aboriginal populations†10. One of the principle towns referenced was at Moree; where they fought in pools, pulling in a ton of savagery. The Freedom Rides additionally went through Wellington, Gulargambone, Lismore, Bowraville and Kempsey. The length of the Australian Freedom Rides happened predominantly in February 1965. In America, the response to the dissent was serious. All through the dissent, the Freedom Riders went over brutality and the response of the dissent was heartless. While postponing their excursion to replace a cut tire, â€Å"one transport was firebombed and the Freedom Riders were beaten (by a white horde). The subsequent transport was likewise assaulted and the travelers beaten†. 11 In America, there was a Freedom Ride joined by the State Highway Patrol, taking their excursion set out toward Montgomery; however when â€Å"local police neglected to secure them, they were again beaten†12. Like America, the Freedom Rides in Australia â€Å"gained exposure when the understudies were set upon by furious groups and put under police protection†13. The understudies squeezed into the passageway of the Moree pool, simultaneously an angry group â€Å"booed and catcalled†14. The difficulty proceeded after â€Å"27 youngsters and ladies from Sydney University attempted to accompany six Aboriginal kids into the baths†15. This was one of the responses of the Freedom Riders drew consideration towards, the isolation at neighborhood pools. Both the American and Australian Freedom Rides challenged the isolation of highly contrasting individuals; alongside racial separation that individuals of color experienced. Both of the Freedom Rides occurred around the 1960s which was a period of incredible social and social essentialness. Both of the Freedom Rides came about with fierce conduct and the overall population getting forceful. Taking everything into account, the Freedom Rides were an essential occasion in history which contended that racial segregation ought to be prohibited and everybody in the public arena ought to be acknowledged.

Alligators and Crocodiles Essay Essay Example

Gators and Crocodiles Essay Example Gators and Crocodiles Essay Gators and Crocodiles Essay Very few individuals can recognize a crocodile and a gator. Gators and crocodiles are comparable however unique from numerous points of view. In this paper I will talk the gator and crocodile likenesses and contrasts. In the event that you see a gator or a crocodile would you be able to express the distinction? The manners in which you can express the distinction in a gator and a crocodile is the neb. centripetal cavities. salt secretory organs on lingua. jaws and dentition. Other than in this paper I will paint you a picture of how the reptilians look and disclose to you the distinction in the reptile’s size and home ground. Crocodiles are semi-amphibian meat eating reptilians with four legs and a massive tail. Col. 2010 ) . The reptilian tail is a large portion of its length and it instigates the croc through the H2O. It is other than utilized as an arm and shops fat for the croc which he will use for nutriment for the winter. They are merciless ( poikilothermic ) vitalize creatures which do non do their ain natural structure heat yet gain their warmth by getting a charge out of in the Sun. ( Col. 2010 ) . The Chinese croc can turn between 6 pess long and American gators are 13 pess long yet can go up to 19 pess. Crocodiles have huge. wide natural structures with short legs and long. strong tail. The crocodile has thick. weathered covering with hard. plate-formed graduated tables. ( Hayden ) . They are inhumane quicken creatures that shading is either dim green or earthy colored. The crocodile have ears which are cuts on the caput that the majority of us do non see and let them to hold great hearing. The crocodile caput is long and pointed with the eyes and front nariss situated on the highest point of the caput. Crocodile can run from 7-15 pess long however neer end turning and can populate up to 75 mature ages. Alligator’s upper jaw is more extensive than the lower jaw and its lower dentition are to a great extent shrouded when oral cavity is shut and fit into attachments in the upper jaw however makes the fourth tooth on every side of its lower jaw fit of rage into an attachment in the upper jaw. Turner ) . Crocs have a wide U-molded short neb. Gators have non-utilitarian salt secretory organs and centripetal holes that are only close to the jaws. ( Col. 2010 ) Crocodiles upper jaws is about a similar size as the lower jaw which makes its lower dentition appear outside the upper jaw when oral hole is shut. ( Turner ) The crocodile upper dentition appear outside the lower jaw however nebs are tight. angular and long. Crocodile salt secretory organs on the lingua discharge additional salt and the centripetal pits are over the vast majority of the natural structure. Gators are simply local to the United States and China however prefer to eat fish. polo-necks. arranged warm blooded creatures. fowls and different reptilians. The crocodile lives only in new Waterss like pools. fens. wetlands. streams. lakes. also, swamps. ( Lutz. 2012 ) . When ashore the croc is delayed to travel yet can travel sensibly quickly in short separations. The crocs are regularly solitary enliven creatures however littler 1s can be found in large Numberss close to one another. ( Lutz. 2012 ) Crocodiles live along the beach of Florida. . Focal America. also, portions of South America. The crocodile may populate in salty or salt-water that is warm and calm, for example, Rhizophora ruin overwhelms that are to a great extent found against the shorelines. ( Turner ) . Crocodile other than may populate where the stream meets the ocean known as estuaries. The crocodile eat fish and other enliven creatures that they find in or close to the H2O. counting polo-necks. snakes. little warm blooded animals. what's more, fowls. The reptilian does the majority of its chasing at dull which makes him nighttime. Crocodiles are other than timid. antisocial. what's more, only here and there observed by individuals however are still extremely forceful. ( Hayden ) Since gators and crocodile are the two reptilians they are every now and again simple mixed up. I trust by perusing this you would now be able to express the contrast between a gator and a crocodile. Gators and crocodile physical visual angle are actually in like manner yet on the off chance that you take a gander at the reptilians you could simple show out what is extraordinary. The things that are distinctive about them are the neb. salt secretory organs on lingua. centripetal cavities. jaws. what's more, dentitions. Recall crocodiles are extremely forceful so do non close to them since they will attack. Since you have a superior visual of a crocodile and gator. if you somehow managed to come into contact with one of the reptilians would you be able to express the contrast between the two.

Atlantic City

Atlantic City Atlantic City, city (1990 pop. 37,986), Atlantic co., SE N.J., an Atlantic resort and convention center; settled c.1790, inc. 1854. Situated on Absecon Island, a barrier island 10 mi (16.1 km) long, Atlantic City was a fishing village until the construction in 1854 of a railroad that made it a fashionable resort for Philadelphians and New Yorkers. Atlantic City's chief industry remains tourism, with some 24 million visitors annually. The first boardwalk was built in 1870, and its present incarnation, lined with casinos, hotels, shops, and amusements, is 6 mi (9.7 km) long. The casino industry, which was legalized in 1976 and began in 1978, at one time rivaled that in Las Vegas, Nevada, but the industry contracted after legalized gambling became more common in neighboring states, and by 2016 the city suffered from significant financial problems and faced a five-year state financial takeover. Urban blight, which continued during the casino boom years, remains a problem. Atlantic City has a large convention center. The Democratic national convention took place in the city in 1964, and the Miss America Pageant was held there annually from 1921 to 2005. Absecon Lighthouse, in operation 1854â€"1932, attracts tourists. The first Ferris wheel was built in Atlantic City in 1869. The board game Monopoly, which makes use of area street names, was invented here in 1930. In 2012 the city suffered significant flooding from Hurricane Sandy. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Napoleon Bonaparte Hero Or Villain - 1862 Words

Napoleon: Hero or Villain Essay True heros have consistently been shown to encompass villainous characteristics and Napoleon Bonaparte, although a tyrannical ruler, was no exception to this rule. The term hero at its core refers to an inspiring individual who is idealized for their courage, outstanding achievements, or noble qualities. This person manages to not only overcome the tragic situation at hand, but conjointly is able to win over the public’s admiration. Contrastingly, a villain is defined by the observer as a malicious person who exercises their power in a way that hurts the general public and has a criminal intent. It must be noted that the line between heroism and villainy is ill defined and ultimately depends on perspective.†¦show more content†¦Moreover, through the creation of the Banque de France which was led by bourgeoisie shareholders, he increased their economic power in turn winning over their support- as financial growth was one of the goals of the bourgeoisie revolution. Anot her one of Napoleon’s major accomplishments in this sphere was his revision of France’s legal system which provided frenchmen with legal equality-something that they had long yearned for. This was done through the establishment of the Napoleonic Code for the whole country creating consistency and bringing justice to the people of France. The basis of this code remains largely operative today and its influence is apparent within a diverse many countries such as; Italy, Netherlands, Switzerland, and more. This code aimed to eradicate the unfair legal practices that had once severely separated the classes, as well as allow careers to be open to talent rather than privilege based on birth. Additionally, Napoleon expanded on the ideas of fraternity expressed in the code through the creation of the Legion of Honour, â€Å"a new society, he reasoned, needed a new elite, an aristocracy not of birth, but of merit†. Through the strengthening of the revolutionary ideas of fraternity by the creation of the Legion of Honour and equality through legal equality under the Napoleonic code, Napoleon was able to also boost frenchShow MoreRelatedNapoleon Bonaparte A Hero Or A Villain?1624 Words   |  7 Pagesin the fact that Napoleon Bonaparte was a significant character in France. However, there have been debates among historians for years around the central question: â€Å"Was Napoleon Bonaparte a hero or a villain?† The answer here relies on how one looks upon the situation. Was Napoleon Bonaparte a savior to the French, or was he a tyrant to the French? Although many historians’ answers do rely deeply onto perspective, their answers also lie within which stage of life Napoleon Bonaparte was in, as wellRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte - Villain or Hero?889 Words   |  4 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte was inarguably an important figure in the history of France and Europe. However, there has been much controversy over the subject in the past. Would hi story perceive him as a hero or an enemy of France and the world? Many twentieth-century dictators would later model themselves on Napoleon, more than a hundred years after his death. Napoleon was not the first dictator, so why was he such an important figurehead for future dictators? Some historians may consider that Napoleon wasRead MoreComparison Of Napoleon Bonaparte A Hero Or Villain909 Words   |  4 Pagesin the fact that Napoleon Bonaparte was a significant character in France. However, there have been debates among historians for years around the central question: â€Å"Was Napoleon Bonaparte a hero or a villain?† The answer here relies on how one looks upon the situation. Was Napoleon Bonaparte a savior to the French, or was he a tyrant to the French? Although many historians’ answers do rely deeply onto perspective, their answers also lie within which stage of life Napoleon Bonaparte was in, as wellRead MoreWas Napoleon Bonaparte a Hero or a Villain? Essays 1354 Words   |  6 PagesWas Napoleon Bonaparte a hero or a villain? During the Napoleonic Era, from 1799 to 1815, France became a military power gaining and controlling land throughout Europe. While some historians believe Napoleon Bonaparte was a ruthless dictator, his military accomplishments far outweigh any atrocities he committed. He helped France gain stability after the French Revolution and he also abolished the Feudal contract. Napoleon was a brilliant strategist using military tactics to cause fear and toRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte has been called a hero by some and a villain by many others. He was the First Consul of France, then the emperor of France, and finally an outlaw. Napoleon had a meteoric rise to power in the late 18th century, and lasted to the early 19th century. He was able to rise to power through his great military victories and he was able to keep his power by fending off enemies in wars and with some reforms. Napoleon started his life good, but different than many Frenc h rulers. NapoleonRead MoreThe Evolution of the Hero1960 Words   |  8 Pagesthink we know a hero when we see one. But pinning down those attributes is a challenge; your hero may not look much like mine. So it s worth asking: Are there certain immutable characteristics that have defined heroism across the ages? The men and women on the following pages are individuals of extraordinary distinction, but how do they stack up against the legends of the past? Although there are some timeless, universal qualities known as heroic, throughout history the idea of the hero has fluctuatedRead MoreUnited States History Research Project2148 Words   |  9 Pagesthe negative and positive aspects that occurred in Jesse James’ life. If one knew the general idea of who James was, they would automatically assume he was either a really bad person or an historical hero. Many songs, books, and news articles were written in the context of him being an American hero. On the other hand, some believe tha t the large amount of crimes he has committed were superior over his good doings in life which was not very much. I have searched through the campus library and scholarlyRead MoreThe Role of Fate in Romeo and Juliet2091 Words   |  9 Pageseither tragedy or comedy, this polarity of themes allowing him to experiment with the full range of human emotions. Typically, an integral part of a Shakespearean tragedy is love, which is frustrated by a breakdown in order, or the character of the hero, due to some human limitation. The play Romeo and Juliet has all these typical characteristics. However, the resultant conclusion of events for the characters in this tragedy is adversely affected by the hands of fate, and not solely the product ofRead MoreThe Role of Fate in Romeo and Juliet2082 Words   |  9 Pageseither tragedy or comedy, this polarity of themes allowing him to experiment with the full range of human emotions. Typically, an integral part of a Shakespearean tragedy is love, which is frustrated by a breakdown in order, or the character of the hero, due to some human limitation. The play Ro meo and Juliet has all these typical characteristics. However, the resultant conclusion of events for the characters in this tragedy is adversely affected by the hands of fate, and not solely the product ofRead MoreAlexander The Great Of The Greatest Military Geniuses2832 Words   |  12 Pagesmilitary geniuses in history. He was the inspiration for many great leaders and warriors in later generations of many different cultures. Hannibal Barca once ranked Alexander as the â€Å"greatest general in all of the world†. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Napolà ©on Bonaparte, and Julius Caesar are just several of the many that were inspired. Even Julius Caesar once cried and wept when he saw a statue of Alexander because he had never achieved as much as Alexander at the same age. Alexander III of Macedon was born

Zara It Analysis - 1807 Words

Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Brief Summary of Zara 2 How would you advise Salgado to proceed on the issue of upgrading Zara’s POS systems? 3 - Should the company upgrade the POS terminals to modern operating system? 3 - Should the company build in-store networks? 4 - Should the company give employees the ability to look up inventory balances for items in their own stores? 4 - Should the company give employees the ability to look up inventory balances for items in their other stores? 4 What is the Zara â€Å"business model†? How is it different from the business model of other large clothing retailers? What weaknesses, if any, do you see within this business model? Is it scalable? 4 In your opinion, what are the most†¦show more content†¦With an IT technology upgrade, manual intervention would be eliminated, thus promoting operational efficiency (Moore, 2009). * Should the company upgrade the POS terminals to modern operating system? Yes, the POS terminals were out-dated and were being backed by DOS operating system which Microsoft no longer supported. They are running a risk of the product becoming obsolete and being unable to maintain support from vendors. Up-to-date operating system would provide more user friendly mechanisms, more functionality, thus allowing effective communication between stores and headquarters. New modern operating systems would allow simple standardisation and sharing of data across the board. Modern operating systems also provide more security platforms (such as credit card details), inventory management, and report generation for decision making. Also it allows real time transactions to be recorded. * Should the company build in-store networks? Yes, the company is missing out on communication and information sharing within the store network system. The in-store network allows connectivity and provides daily sales totals, also ordering in â€Å"real time â€Å"processing. It allows POS terminals to talk to one another and allows viewing of up-to-date data at any time. * Should the company give employees the ability to look up inventory balances for items in their own stores? Absolutely, as it will save time during the orderingShow MoreRelatedThe Analysis of Zara4664 Words   |  19 PagesPGBM15 The market analysis of ZARA ______________________________________________ Student Name: Xia Tang Student Number:139151583 Tutor: Steve Storey Module Leader: Sudipta Das Word Count:4005 Date of submission: 16th June 2014 Contents Introduction of ZARA 1 1 Dynamics and trends within the marketing environment of ZARA. 1 1.1 Introduction of marketing environment 2 1.2 Macroenvironment-----PESTLE analysis of ZARA 2 1.3 Microenvironment analysis of ZARA 4 1.4 Poter’sRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Zara750 Words   |  3 PagesSWOT Analysis Strengths One of the leaders in the latest fashion trends around the world with different styles in each region. Over 2,000 stores and an established brand all around the world. Ecommerce business thriving with fast delivery on apparel and accessories. Weaknesses Considered similar to competition in clothing styles and management operations. Small market share with large retail stores taking a big chunk of consumers who have become loyal to its brand. Opportunities Online marketsRead MoreZara Internationalization Analysis1099 Words   |  5 PagesZARA-Internationalization Analysis When it comes to internationalization strategies, ZARA is the perfect case to look at. By putting in practice a set of different strategies, ZARA has accomplished great positioning worldwide and is one of the most recognized brands in the apparel market. Listed below are the main internationalization strategies ZARA has used to become one of the leading clothing brands in the world. Operating Filial When ZARA first started opening stores outside of SpainRead MoreZara Strategic Analysis2115 Words   |  9 PagesResearch paper Zara Students name: Instructor name: Class: Date: 1. Executive summary Background Information Inditex is an international Spanish company that designs, manufactures, and sells apparel, footwear, and accessories for women, men and children through its chains and shops around the world. Zara is the largest and internalized of all the Inditex products such as: Massimo Dutti, Pull amp; Bear, Bershka, Stradivarius, and Oysho. It was firstly open from a businessmanRead MoreZara Case Analysis1564 Words   |  7 PagesZara is a retailing chain of Inditexthat specializes in high-fashion at reasonable prices. In the last 12 months, Inditex’s stock price has increased by 50% despite bearish market conditions. The 50% increase is due to the investor expectations of Inditex’s growth. Inditex’s growth can be contributed to the decisions it has made in creating a vertically integrated centralized process. The centralization of its vertically integrated operations in Europe provided it with its competitive advantage;Read MoreZara Case Analysis1872 Words   |  8 PagesAlbert Sedaghatpour Individual Case Analysis-Zara 7/24/09 Introduction Zara is the flagship chain store of Inditex Group owned by Spanish tycoon Amancio Ortega. The group is located in Spain, where the first Zara store was opened. Zara has opposed the industry-wide trend towards turning fast fashion production to low-cost countries. Possibly its most atypical strategy is its policy of zero advertising; the firm opted to invest a portion of revenues in opening new stores instead. At the end of 2001Read MorePorters Analysis of Zara Essay1934 Words   |  8 PagesMGT136- Management Themes and Perspectives Strategy MGT136-1 Provide an analysis of an organisation explaining the relative importance of each of Porter’s Five Forces for the organisation’s strategic position. You should support your arguments with evidence from the company and/or the relevant literature. Zara has been the major pioneer of ‘disposable’ fashion; which makes up over 12% of the UK clothing industry. Zara outperforms its rivals in profitability, brand identity, and its successfulRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Zara992 Words   |  4 PagesThe business that I would like to examine is called Zara. Zara is in a retailing industry that was founded in 1975 by Amancio Ortega and Rosalia Mera in Spain. It is a flagship retail store of the Inditex group, which owns other retailing brands like Massimo Dutti, Pull and Bear, Bershka, Stradivarius, and Uterque. In 1988, the company started its international expansion in Portugal and other parts of Europe and then to north and south America and Asian countries. There are over 2100 located in 88Read MoreZara Case Study Analysis1858 Words   |  8 PagesCASE STUDY ANALYSIS: ZARA Name Institution Professor Course Date Table of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Strategic Issues Underpinning the Buying Decisions at Zara 3 3. Zara’s Product Mix Strategy: Advantages and Disadvantages 6 4. Conclusion 8 REFERENCES 10 1. Introduction Zara is a successful retail clothing company that expanded over the years due to its elaborate supply chain and excellent product mix strategy. The company established in 1963 opened its first store in 1975Read MoreSwot Analysis Of Zara1080 Words   |  5 Pages Zara is one of the most well-known international companies in the world. It is recognized for its high fashion, quality garments and affordable prices. Zara’s parent company is Inditex.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"One of the world’s largest distribution groups† (Zara, n.d).   Zara offers fashionable designs for men, women and children. Zara was opened in A Coruà ±a, Spain by Amancio Ortega and his partner Rosalia Mera in 1975. They wanted to name their store after their favorite film Zorba the Greek. Since that name was already

Cisco Products and Specific Customer Groups Free Essays

string(325) " in the enterprise voice marketplace\); Cisco’s Catalyst 6500, a highperformance modular switch that converges data center, campus, and wide-area network in a single system, surpassed \$20 billion in sales; and Cisco’s enterprise customer installed base recently surpassed the 3 million wireless access points milestone\." In August of 2001, just months after Cisco System reported its first loss a a public company ($ 2. 7 billion), John Chambers, president and CEO, announced a major restructuring that would transform Cisco from a decentralized operation organized around customer groups to a centralized one focused on technologies. This restructuring not only risked destabilizing the large, complex organization during an economic downturn, but more importantly, threatened Cisco’s ability to remain customer-focused, a hallmark of the company’s culture and success since its first product was created in 1986. We will write a custom essay sample on Cisco Products and Specific Customer Groups or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to maintain communication and stimulate ongoing collaboration among the newly independent functional areas, Cisco introduced coordination mechanisms that enable the companies to remain customer-focused. Introduction John Chambers became president and CEO of Cisco Systems in 1995. Over the course of the next several years, the decisions he made and the changes he implemented challenged traditional business practices, and resulted in incredible growth for the company. When Chambers first started, Cisco was generating annual revenues of $2. 2 billion; just six years later, the company was generating annual revenues of $22.3 billion. All of those results, however, were threatened in the 2001 market downturn. Earlier in the year, the explosive growth in the sales of hardware supporting the Internet began to show serious signs of slowing down, and Cisco Systems, like the rest of the technology industry, was facing the repercussions of the demise of the Internet boom and the first economic downturn in more than a decade. Start-ups, which had enjoyed the benefits of a buoyant stock market, and telecommunications companies began cutting back their overextended IT and network budgets. As a result of the falling demand, Cisco announced its first loss as a public company ($2. 69 billion) in the fiscal quarter ended April 28, 2001 and cut 18% of its workforce. In August, Chambers announced a major organizational restructuring that would transform Cisco from a decentralized operation focused on specific customer groups to a centralized one focused on technologies. While recognizing that a centralized, functional structure was necessary to avoid product and resource redundancies, Chambers also realized that it risked making the company less customer-focused. At the time of the announcement, Chambers asserted that Cisco’s customer-centric culture would offset this drawback, but he knew that more needed to be done to ensure that an organization as large as Cisco would remain customer-focused—technology companies simply could not afford to lose 1 sight of the customer. Chambers knew then that he needed to implement a formal, crossfunctional structure that would keep the company in touch with its customers. Chambers found himself considering an ambitious idea that, if executed, could transform both his company and conventional organizational strategy. He asserted that if Cisco implemented a crossfunctional system of executive-level committees, or councils, that fostered a culture of teamwork and collaboration that the company could scale beyond what anyone else thought possible. The benefits were clear—the cross-functional councils would bring the leaders of different functions together to collaborate and focus on the needs and issues of specific customer groups. Cisco could enjoy the benefits of being a functional organization while retaining its customer-centricity. Still, implementing such a system would be difficult. Many other companies had previously failed at facilitating collaboration across functions, especially large organizations such as Cisco. Chambers began asking himself questions. Would Cisco’s employees, many of whom were accustomed to a command-and-control system, accept a more collaborative model? Could they function in such a system, even with training? Would a cross-functional system work in such a large functional organization? Furthermore, if Cisco moved forward with this idea, how many councils should be formed? How large should they be? Who would sit on and chair them? Where would the decision making power reside? And finally, how could a system be implemented without creating a matrix organization that would impede decision making and generate conflict? These were all important questions, many of which for Chambers did not yet have answers. They were also questions that would discourage most executives from taking the chance. Still, Chambers understood Cisco’s employees and knew what they were capable of. He also knew that if they could succeed, the company would become even stronger financially and organizationally. With 2002 approaching, and the organizational restructuring already being implemented now was the time to act. Market Transformation Despite the challenges presented by the 2001 market downturn, Cisco overcame the sudden drop in product demand. In fact, the company became even stronger after the downturn. By the end of July 2007, Cisco was generating more than $30 billion in revenue and employing 61,535 employees worldwide. Cisco’s total revenue for FY 2007 ($34. 9 billion) was an increase of approximately 23% over FY 2006 revenue’s of $28. 5 billion. Net Income was $7. 3 billion GAAP and $8.4 billion non- GAAP, while Earnings per Share was $1. 17 GAAP (increase of 31% year over year) and $1. 34 non-GAAP (increase of 22% year over year). Part of Cisco’s post-downturn resiliency and success was the result of a transformation in its market focus and product offerings. Signs of this transformation were evident shortly before the downturn, when Cisco invested in its first comprehensive advertising campaign, including television and print, that asked the question, â€Å"Are You Ready? † with the goal of raising consumer awareness of its networking-equipment business and its plans to connect Internet users with its routers and switches. Because Cisco realized that it could not solely rely upon existing demand, the company began diversifying the products it offered and who it was selling those products to. By 2007, Cisco had successfully expanded into advanced technologies such as unified communications, wireless local area networking, home networking, application networking services, network security, storage 2 area networking, and video systems. These advanced technologies resulted in the growth of Cisco’s enterprise (large business) and service provider segments. For instance, by 2007, more than 8 million unified IP phones had been installed worldwide (Cisco was the market share leader in the enterprise voice marketplace); Cisco’s Catalyst 6500, a highperformance modular switch that converges data center, campus, and wide-area network in a single system, surpassed $20 billion in sales; and Cisco’s enterprise customer installed base recently surpassed the 3 million wireless access points milestone. You read "Cisco Products and Specific Customer Groups" in category "Papers" 3 Cisco was also able to successfully integrate the aforementioned advanced technologies with its core routing and switching technologies in products such as its Integrated Services Routers. Additionally, Cisco announced in June 2007 that it had shipped 900 of its Carrier Routing System (CRS-1), which provided continuous system operation to telecommunications service providers and research organizations, since its introduction in 2004. Cisco claimed that customers understood the leadership, total cost of ownership, flexibility, and investment protection advantages they would receive when they installed a Cisco product, which was designed to allow customers to easily and cost-effectively add marketleading voice, data, security, wireless, and other capabilities to their existing Cisco networks. This strategy differentiated Cisco from many of its competitors, which are usually present in only one or two product categories or customer segments, and often do not integrate their products from an architectural perspective. In a conference call discussing Q4 and FY 2007 financial results, Chambers commented on the importance of this balance and integration: â€Å"We believe that there are a number of factors that are unique to Cisco’s ability to grow. First is our unique balance across over two dozen product areas, four customer segments, and across major developed and emerging countries†¦From a product perspective, we approach the market with an end-to-end architecture where the products are first loosely then tightly integrated together, rather than focusing on individual routers, switches, security, wireless, storage, unified communications, or other standalone products. In addition to diversifying its product and service offerings, Cisco transformed its market focus by finding new growth opportunities in developing economies. Because Chambers knew these opportunities would not get the attention they needed from standard geographic sales coverage, he created a new sales â€Å"theater† called Emerging Markets, which included 138 countries around the world, regardless of location. Instead of every theater having several emerging markets in their portfolio viewed as low priorities, all the emerging markets were unified into one theater with the same resources and expectations of the other theaters. While several sales leaders functioned throughout the emerging markets, one sales senior vice president (SVP) was ultimately responsible for each theater. Members of the Emerging Markets sales team met with government and business leaders in various countries to discuss â€Å"how Cisco could help their countries develop a stronger economy through Internet access to education, healthcare, and business opportunities†. These and other efforts throughout the theater paid off—growth for FY 2007 in Cisco’s Emerging Markets theater was 40%, the highest growth rate of all five theaters (e. g. North America; Europe; Asia Pacific; Japan; and Emerging Markets). This performance made Chambers even more confident about the value of emerging markets. â€Å"Our architectural strategy in emerging markets is working extremely well,† he said in the conference call. â€Å"Barring some major economic or political surprises across many of these emerging countries, I would expect this theater to have the potential to grow more than twice the average growth rate of the other four theaters, if we execute effectively. † 3 2001 Organizational Restructuring Cisco also transformed and expanded its market focus through acquisitions. Before the downturn (1993–2000), Cisco was known for its acquisitions; it acquired 71 start-up companies that specialized in both its core and advanced areas, with 41 of those acquisitions occurring between 1999 and 2000. While emerging markets and acquisitions were key in helping Cisco survive the downturn, the company’s 2001 organizational restructuring played an even more important role. In its early days as a start-up, Cisco Systems was organized as a centralized engineering organization. As the company grew rapidly after going public in 1990, it adopted a business unit structure that was organized around primary product groups. This structure lasted until 1997, when the company reorganized itself around three semi-autonomous lines of business, each focusing on a distinct customer type: service providers, large enterprises, and small and medium-sized businesses, which Cisco characterizes as the â€Å"commercial† segment. Within this structure, each of the three lines of business developed and marketed its own products to its specific customer groups. This decentralized organization was created to meet the differing requirements of service providers and SMBs, two groups of customers that were growing rapidly at that time. By creating separate business units, Cisco attempted to meet the needs of each without compromise. However, as the market downturn brought about slowing demand and falling revenues, the negative aspects of the segment-centric grouping became clear. Organized behind lines of business focused on the different segments, redundancies in technological development were certainly not surprising—coordination across all technologies relevant to a customer group came at the expense of replicating technology development across customer groups. Still, redundancies became more noticeable at Cisco in the harsh economic environment faced by the company. Each business unit designed and sold its own products to customers in a particular industry, even though each business line produced some similar, if not interchangeable, products. Moreover, differences between customer segments had begun to blur: some enterprise business products suited service provider needs, but the service provider business lacked knowledge of, and access to, them. In some cases, each line of business had a different technology or solution for the same problem. By summer 2001, for example, Cisco had eight different teams developing technology to transmit telephone calls over Internet protocol (IP) networks. As one manager stated, â€Å"Before, we had a service provider customer, enterprise customer, and SMB customer, and we built a complete product line for that customer set. What that did cause was a great deal [of] redundancy of engineering and innovation†¦we had to build the same thing three times over and make things that are 80% the same three times over to satisfy the three requirements. † Facing the realities of the market downturn, Cisco made a change. On August 23, 2001, the company announced a major restructuring that, CEO John Chambers enthused, would bring Cisco closer to its customers, encourage teamwork, and eliminate product and resource overlaps. Cisco shifted from a decentralized operation focused on specific customer groups to a centralized one focused on technologies. Engineering was reorganized around eleven technology groups: Access, Aggregation, Cisco IOS Technologies, Internet Switching and Services, Ethernet Access, Network Management Services, Core Routing, Optical, Storage, Voice, and Wireless. Although the product groups were divided based on 11 technologies, Cisco retained three sales groups based on customer type. Between the technology and sales groups, a central marketing organization was installed to integrate products and technologies into solutions for the customer. A cross-functional â€Å"solutions engineering team† was charged with bringing the 4 different technologies together in a lab, testing them to ensure integration, and then creating blueprints that the customer would use to implement the solution. Marketing and engineering—previously segmented by customer type—were centralized under the chief marketing officer and the chief development officer, respectively. Cisco also expected the new structure to promote more rapid technical innovation by eliminating overlap in RD. The old structure inhibited the exchange of ideas because engineers worked in separate silos—a solution in one area might have suggested a solution in another, but, claimed one executive, â€Å"You might not hear about it for six months if you are in another business unit.† Implementing the Reorganization While a centralized, functional structure would help Cisco avoid product and resource redundancies, it also carried the risk of making the company less customer-focused because the company was organized around product, and not customer, groups. Whereas before each of the three lines of business developed and marketed its own products to its specific customer groups, each functional unit was now committed to a specific technology, which entailed the risk of dismissing the customer. Despite this risk, however, Cisco moved forward, trusting that its customer-centric approach would offset the effects of a functional structure. Customer advocacy had been imprinted on the company during its founding, when Cisco engineers were building customized products for end users with fairly idiosyncratic needs: â€Å"When we started, we made routers, which were basically software devices, and the sales people would literally go out, talk to the customer, the customer would say ‘I need this protocol,’ and they’d say, ‘We’ve got that. We’ll get the code to you in a week. ’ They would go back, tell the engineering guys that they had to develop it, and the engineers would do it,† said a senior manager. â€Å"That kind of stuff really sets the culture of the company; your job is to figure out what problem you are solving for the customer. And what you do everyday, setting up your activities, your tasks, your programs, your projects, your priorities, is in alignment with that notion of solving the customer’s problem.† The goal was to try and preserve this customer-focused culture that had been engrained in Cisco ever since its founding. However, managers realized even at the time of the 2001 reorganization that maintaining the same level of customer focus would become increasingly difficult as Cisco grew larger in size. Because the reorganization threatened to push the company away from the customer and towards a more functional structure, Chambers knew that Cisco could not lose its customer-centricity. When asked in 2007 how Cisco was able to maintain its customer focus through the reorganization, he said, â€Å"[Customer focus] has been deeply embedded in our DNA since I came here almost seventeen years ago, and while I’m a very collaborative leader, there are certain aspects of our culture, our vision, our strategy, which are non-negotiable, and customer focus is one of them. † To ensure that this culture would not change, Cisco responded in various ways during the reorganization. How to cite Cisco Products and Specific Customer Groups, Papers

Precycling The Essence of Conservation Essay Example For Students

Precycling The Essence of Conservation Essay Precycling: The Essence of Conservation As we shift into a new millennium, our society must face the pressing environmental issues that we have ignored for so long. The earths resources have dwindled tremendously and unnecessarily in recent years. People need to start saving our precious resources through precycling. Precycling, a fancy word for waste reduction, is any activity that prevents or minimizes the toxicity or quantity of waste. This would include product reuse, increased product life, reduced material and energy use in product design, and changing purchasing and waste producing habits. Toxicity reduction includes changes in product and packaging designs, and purchasing reusable toxic items rather than disposable ones. Precycling should be a higher priority than any of the other waste management methods, including recycling. Waste reduction is the most environmentally friendly form of waste management because, unlike other methods, there is no need to process or transport materials. As a result energy and resources are saved. Source reduction is hardly an issue with companies and consumers. It seems like a contest of who can put the most excessive packaging on their products. The good news is that the decisions we make every day can support precycling in a big way. Schools can be role models for precycling and plant a seed for students to take action. At Ashland High School, the back side of paper should never be wasted. Printers (with available technology) should print on both sides as well. On assignments done at home, homework could be put on a disk and given to the teacher to view, rather than be printed out for one-time viewing. Reusable plates and utensils should be used in the cafeteria rather than wasting hundreds of paper plates every lunch hour. While precycling can be accomplished at AHS, students need to be informed on what they can do in their own lives to save our resources. Its surprising how ignorant most people are to the trashing of our planet that is going on around us. People want to save the earth. However, they need to know whats going on, and what can be done to stop it. A 20 minute lecture from a qualified environmentalist is a great start. D. A.R.E. is now mandatory at Ashland Middle School. Why not make a C.P. R. (David Browers acronym: conservation, preservation, and restoration of the Earth) course required at the high school? Or why not have an assembly once a year to get the wheels turning for precycling and CPR of the environment. These informative classes or assemblies could include numerous positive ideas for students to grasp. The session could start by presenting facts like these from The World Watch Institute: packaging makes up 1/3 of all garbage, and although the U.S. only makes up 5% of the worlds population, we use 40% of the worlds resources. The session could end with Five Ideas of Precycling that they can apply to their lives: 1) buy reusable or refillable products instead of disposable ones; 2) buy products in bulk or concentrate; 3) buy products with reduced packaging; 4) buy products that are grown or manufactured locally; 5) buy long lasting and durable products. Examples that relate to each of the five points could help students become active immediately. An example for idea #1 would be to recommend that students bring a plastic mug to coffee shops instead of using a paper cup every morning. We cant wait any longer, and nobody else will do it for us. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe proclaimed years ago, Whatever you can do, or dream you can, begin it. 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